Table 1.

Characteristics of included studies.

Reference	Year	Region	Study design	Patient demographics	Revision surgery	Robotic system	Prosthetic designs	Registration techniques	Follow-up
Adil et al. (22)	2021	USA	Case report	45-year-old male	Hip fusion converted to THA	MAKO	Stryker tritanium revision acetabular component + Smith and Nephew Redapt stem	Superior ilium away from the hip fusion mass + most lateral portion of the proximal femur	1 year
Bargar et al. (23)	1998	USA, Germany	Case series	30 patients	THA converted to RTHA	ROBODOC	Both cement and cementless implants	—	—
Zhou (24)	2021	China	Case series	71 patients (68 cup revisions + 68 stem revisions)	THA converted to RTHA	MAKO	—	Three types of registration techniques (extra acetabular bone surface based, liner based, metal shell-based or cage surface-based) on the acetabular side	—
Zhang et al. (25)	2022	China	Case report	67-year-old male	THA converted to RTHA	MAKO	Corail revision femoral stem + tritanium acetabular cup + customized augment	Acetabulum and surrounding bone with good bone quality	6 months
Kalavrytinos et al. (26)	2020	Greece	Case report	87-year-old female	UKA converted to TKA	MAKO	Stryker triathlon implants + tibial augment	Similar to primary TKA	1 year
Wallace & Moriarty (27)	2020	UK	Case report	4 cases	UKA converted to TKA	MAKO	—	Similar to primary TKA with the UKA implant in situ	—
Yun et al. (28)	2020	USA	Case series	17 cases robotically + 17 cases manually	UKA converted to TKA	MAKO	Primary implants	Registration of bone with retained metal implants	1 year
Tuecking et al. (29)	2021	UK	Retrospective case–control study	20 cases + 20 matched controls	UKA converted to TKA	NAVIO	Journey II BCS prothesis	—	—
Steelman et al. (30)	2021	USA	Case report	68-year-old male	TKA converted to RTKA	MAKO	Stryker triathlon knee revision system + femoral and tibial cones + medial and lateral posterior femoral augments	The implants were treated as native bone and registrated on the existing components	6 months
MacAskill et al. (31)	2022	USA	Case report	54-year-old female + 79-year-old male	TKA converted to RTKA	MAKO	Stryker triathlon knee revision system + tibial cones	Registering the anterior flange, posterior condyles, and distal extent of the femoral implant and the periphery of the tibial component as well as the medial and lateral epicondyles and anterior tibial metaphysis	6 months

THA, total hip arthroplasty; TJA, total joint arthroplasty; TKA, total knee arthroplasty; RTHA, revision total hip arthroplasty; RTKA, revision total knee arthroplasty; UKA, unicompartmental knee arthroplasty.