FIGURE 3.

Influence on host cell proliferation and death. (A) Cytotoxin‐associated gene A (CagA) produced by H. pylori can stimulate inflammation and lead to the development of cancer. CagA induces DNA damage through host‐mediated upregulation of the production of reactive oxygen species in the cytoplasm and promotion of the DNA damage response. (B) The connection between microbial components and lung cancer can be explained by the production of metabolites. Veillonella, Prevotella, and Streptococcus bacteria induce epithelial cell transformation and promote epithelial cell transformation through activation of the PI3K and ERK signaling pathway.