TABLE 1.

Human carcinogenic or cancer‐promoting microbiomes in cancer.

Microbes	Cancer
Carcinogenic microbes
Viruses and parasites
Epstein‐Barr virus	Burkitt lymphoma, 41 virus‐associated T‐cell and NK‐cell lymphomas, 42 cancer of the nasopharynx, 43 lymphoepithelioma‐like carcinomas, 44 cancer of the stomach 45
Hepatitis B virus	Hepatocellular carcinoma, 46 cholangiocarcinoma, 47 non‐Hodgkin lymphoma, 48 , 49 cancer of the pancreas, 49 Hodgkin disease 50
Hepatitis C virus	Hepatocellular carcinoma, 51 gallbladder cancer, 52 lymphoid malignancies, 53 leukemias, 53 cancer of the thyroid 54
Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus	Kaposi sarcoma, 55 primary effusion lymphoma, 56 multiple myeloma 56
Human immunodeficiency virus‐1	Kaposi sarcoma, 57 non‐Hodgkin lymphoma, 58 Hodgkin lymphoma, 58 cervical and anogenital cancers, 59 the skin cancer, 60 the conjunctiva cancer, 61 the lung cancer, 62 the liver cancer, 63 the lip cancer, 64 the head and neck cancer 65
Human papillomaviruses	The cervix cancer, 66 the vulva cancer, 67 the vagina cancer, 67 the penis cancer, 68 the anus cancer, 68 the oral cavity cancer, 69 the oropharynx and tonsil cancer, 70 the esophagus cancer, 68 the larynx cancer, 68 the skin cancer, 71 the nose and nasal sinuses cancer, 68 the lung cancer, 72 the colon and rectum cancer, 68 the breast cancer, 73 the ovary cancer, 74 the prostate cancer, 75 the urinary bladder and urethra cancer 76
Human T‐cell lymphotropic virus Type 1	T‐cell malignancies, 77 cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma, 77 B‐ and T‐cell lymphomas, 78 nonlymphomatous tumors 79
Opisthorchis viverrini and Clonorchis sinensis	Cholangiocarcinoma, 80 hepatocellular carcinoma 80
Schistosoma haematobium	The urinary bladder cancer, 81 , 82 the female genital tract cancer, 82 the prostate cancer 83
Bacteria
Helicobacter pylori	The stomach cancer, 84 Gastric mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, 85 the esophagus cancer, 86 the liver cancer, 87 the colorectum cancer, 88 the pancreas cancer, 89 the lung cancer, 90 the head and neck cancer, 91 Childhood leukemia 92

Cancer‐promoting microbes	Cancer
Bacteria
Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragili Peptostreptococcus anaerobius Fusobacteriumnuleatum	The colorectum cancer 93 , 94
Hemophilus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella	The esophagus cancer 95
Micromonospra Pporphyromonas gingivalis Neisseria, Fusobacteria Escherichia Coli, Streptococcus faecalis Helicobacter hepaticus	The liver cancer 96
Fermentation bacillus, lactobacillus	The esophagus cancer 97
Streptococcus pneumoniae	The esophagus cancer 97
Staphylococcus aureus	The skin cancer 98
Tuberculous bacillus (TB)	The lung cancer 99
Actinomyces, Falclella, Campylobacter	The urinary bladder cancer 100
Fungi
Aspergillus, Malassezia, Malasus, Pseudospecies, Asppersporus, Machyus	The colorectum cancer 101
Microbe‐induced metabolite
Deoxycholic acid	The colorectum cancer 102