TABLE 3.
Sex-related cardiopulmonary differences.
| VT1 | VT2 | VO2max | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | ||||||||||||||
| t% | 44.67 | ± | 9.1 | 50.25 | ± | 16.08 | 68.22 | ± | 12.23 | 74.92 | ± | 13.42 | --- | --- | ---- | --- | ||||
| Rf | 36.09 | ± | 9.57 | 29.69 | ± | 7.09* | 41.89 | ± | 8.72 | 36.33 | ± | 7.86 | 52.46 | ± | 9.86 | 51.18 | ± | 7.63 | ||
| VT | 1.367 | ± | 0.25 | 2.266 | ± | 0.5**** | 1.572 | ± | 0.17 | 2.56 | ± | 0.52**** | 1.86 | ± | 0.23 | 2.8 | ± | 0.52**** | ||
| VE | 47.07 | ± | 7.63 | 64.37 | ± | 10.57**** | 64.76 | ± | 10.52 | 90 | ± | 16.08*** | 96.47 | ± | 19.58 | 140.6 | ± | 23**** | ||
| IV | 1318 | ± | 226.6 | 2256 | ± | 454.2**** | 1538 | ± | 164.7 | 2575 | ± | 486.2**** | 1863 | ± | 249.2 | 2860 | ± | 517.6**** | ||
| VO2 | 1687 | ± | 269 | 2624 | ± | 477**** | 2106 | ± | 278.3 | 3251 | ± | 539.7**** | 2599 | ± | 373.6 | 3863 | ± | 520.4**** | ||
| VCO2 | 1468 | ± | 212.6 | 2421 | ± | 487.2**** | 2052 | ± | 308.4 | 3322 | ± | 692.9**** | 2885 | ± | 369.7 | 4406 | ± | 660.9**** | ||
| RER | 0.8721 | ± | 0.05 | 0.92 | ± | 0.056* | 0.9752 | ± | 0.08 | 1.017 | ± | 0.07 | 1.12 | ± | 0.08 | 1.14 | ± | 0.07 | ||
| VE/VO2 | 28.1 | ± | 3.58 | 24.74 | ± | 2.4** | 31.06 | ± | 5.3 | 27.79 | ± | 2.89* | 37.66 | ± | 9.14 | 36.41 | ± | 3.54 | ||
| VE/VCO2 | 32.33 | ± | 4.66 | 27.02 | ± | 3.31*** | 31.9 | ± | 5.03 | 27.42 | ± | 3.15** | 33.65 | ± | 6.63 | 32.02 | ± | 3.46 | ||
| METs | 8.58 | ± | 1.39 | 10.91 | ± | 2.09** | 10.72 | ± | 1.62 | 13.49 | ± | 2.31** | 13.19 | ± | 1.68 | 16.01 | ± | 2.17** | ||
| HR | 145.9 | ± | 13.1 | 146.4 | ± | 13.93 | 170 | ± | 9.46 | 169.7 | ± | 15.33 | 186.9 | ± | 5.47 | 189.5 | ± | 9.62 | ||
| VO2/HR | 11.58 | ± | 1.74 | 17.99 | ± | 3.17**** | 12.44 | ± | 1.9 | 19.24 | ± | 3.07**** | 13.94 | ± | 2.15 | 20.45 | ± | 2.92**** | ||
| PetO2 | 97.73 | ± | 4.8 | 93.34 | ± | 4.2* | 100.6 | ± | 4.94 | 96.95 | ± | 4.13* | 105.2 | ± | 4.92 | 104.4 | ± | 3.17 | ||
| PetCO2 | 37.86 | ± | 4.9 | 43.56 | ± | 4.61** | 38.39 | ± | 5.21 | 43.39 | ± | 4.27** | 37.21 | ± | 5.48 | 38.83 | ± | 3.65 | ||
| FAT | 5202 | ± | 2387 | 4953 | ± | 3235 | 2468 | ± | 2647 | 1576 | ± | 2456 | 114 | ± | 245.3 | 135.9 | ± | 630.3 | ||
| CHO | 6598 | ± | 1856 | 13617 | ± | 4628**** | 12613 | ± | 3000 | 21944 | ± | 5149**** | 19054 | ± | 2433 | 28536 | ± | 3759**** | ||
| FAT% | 43.63 | ± | 16.21 | 27.84 | ± | 18.28* | 16.15 | ± | 16.94 | 7.265 | ± | 11.12 | 0.5 | ± | 1.03 | 0.3512 | ± | 1.6 | ||
| CHO% | 56.37 | ± | 16.21 | 72.16 | ± | 18.28* | 83.85 | ± | 16.94 | 92.74 | ± | 11.12 | 99.5 | ± | 1.03 | 99.65 | ± | 1.6 | ||
| Ti | 0.8054 | ± | 0.17 | 1.015 | ± | 0.23* | 0.6928 | ± | 0.11 | 0.85 | ± | 0.2* | 0.57 | ± | 0.09 | 0.59 | ± | 0.1 | ||
| Te | 0.9854 | ± | 0.33 | 1.124 | ± | 0.26 | 0.8035 | ± | 0.2 | 0.9 | ± | 0.22 | 0.62 | ± | 0.14 | 0.63 | ± | 0.1 | ||
| Ttot | 1.791 | ± | 0.48 | 2.139 | ± | 0.47 | 1.496 | ± | 0.3 | 1.74 | ± | 0.41 | 1.19 | ± | 0.22 | 1.21 | ± | 0.19 | ||
| Ti/Ttot | 0.4565 | ± | 0.03 | 0.4747 | ± | 0.02 | 0.4675 | ± | 0.03 | 0.49 | ± | 0.03 | 0.48 | ± | 0.03 | 0.49 | ± | 0.02 | ||
| VD/VT | 0.1981 | ± | 0.02 | 0.1906 | ± | 0.02 | 0.2037 | ± | 0.03 | 0.2 | ± | 0.02 | 0.22 | ± | 0.03 | 0.24 | ± | 0.02 | ||
| VT/Ti | 1.713 | ± | 0.18 | 2.265 | ± | 0.38*** | 2.31 | ± | 0.32 | 3.1 | ± | 0.57*** | 3.35 | ± | 0.67 | 4.85 | ± | 0.82**** | ||
| HRR | 56.63 | ± | 14.08 | 53.65 | ± | 13.07 | 32.6 | ± | 9.94 | 30.35 | ± | 14.56 | 15.65 | ± | 6.26 | 10.57 | ± | 10.1 | ||
| SV | 92.36 | ± | 14.83 | 140.4 | ± | 24.18**** | 87.3 | ± | 14.5 | 132.8 | ± | 22.3**** | 85.81 | ± | 13.32 | 126.4 | ± | 18.53**** | ||
| Power | 155.56 | ± | 39.09 | 151.04 | ± | 46.90 | 250.00 | ± | 39.53 | 291.46 | ± | 34.12* | 308.33 | ± | 35.36 | 342.08 | ± | 30.99** | ||
Values are shown as mean ± standard deviation. t%: difference from VO2max in percentage; Rf: respiratory frequency; VT: tidal volume; VE: ventilation; IV: inspiratory volume; VO2: absolute oxygen consumption; VCO2: carbon dioxide production; RER: respiratory exchange ratio; VE/O2: ventilatory equivalent for oxygen; VE/CO2: ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide; VO2/kg: relative oxygen consumption; METs: metabolic equivalent of task; HR: heart rate; VO2/HR: oxygen pulse; PetO2: end tidal partial pressure of oxygen; PetCO2: end tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide; FAT%: percentage of energy from fat; CHO%: percentage of energy from carbohydrate; Ti: inspiratory time; Te: expiratory time; Ttot: respiratory cycle duration; Ti/Ttot: inspiratory time divided by respiratory cycle duration; VD/VT: dead space; VT/Ti: ventilatory drive; HRR: heart rate reserve; SV: stroke volume. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001 and ****p < 0.0001.