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. 2023 Feb 13;14:1113412. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1113412

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Copyright © 2023 Schaudinn, Rydzewski, Meister, Grunow and Heuner.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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An ex vivo biofilm from natural water. (A) Sampling location at the Bretter ditch in Brandenburg, Germany. (B) Sampled Thermanox™ coverslips (arrow) colonized with aquatic biofilm, transferred into a glass flask for the transport to the laboratory. (C) Overview of the biofilm. Readily visible are diatoms (arrow 1), bacteria, wrapped in a long, filamentous sheath (arrow 2), and hyphae of fungi (arrow 3). (D) The bottom layer of the biofilm is constituted by numerous bacteria, which are mostly embedded in a fibrous matrix. (E,F) Various amoebae were found on top of the bacterial bottom layer (circles 1–5). (G) Vorticella spp. were frequent constituents of the aquatic biofilm, (H,I) as were a great variety of other bacteria eating Ciliates.