Table 1.

Clinical and pathological features of corneal keloids.

Features of corneal keloids
Clinical findings
•Unilateral or bilateral
•Localized white elevated lesions
•Vascular or nonvascular
•Clear border
•Varying in thickness and size
There was gradual expansion beyond the wound after trauma over months to years.
Pathological findings
•Epithelium: normal or thickened and keratinized with varied thickness
•Bowman's layer: usually absent and sometimes present in fragments
•Substantia: proliferation of collagen fibers, fibroblasts, and myofibroblasts
•Descemet's membrane and endothelium: normal
Depending on the stage of the disease, it can involve the following:
•Inflammatory phase: angiogenesis and inflammatory cell infiltration
•Late stage: hyalinization within the stroma
Onset triggers
•Trauma: corneal perforation and nonperforating corneal trauma (radiation, wood chips, and nails)
•Surgery: cataract surgery, pterygium surgery, and PRK*
•Inflammation/infection: corneal ulcer, viral keratitis, and neonatal infection
•Congenital
•Primary
* PRK: Photo-refractive keratectomy