Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the study subjects (N = 1328).
| Variables | Subgroups | Mean ± SD or frequency (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 51.1 ± 11.9 | |
| Sex | Female | 811 (61.1 %) |
| Male | 517 (38.9 %) | |
| Residence* | Urban | 482 (36.3 % |
| Suburban | 312 (23.5 %) | |
| Rural | 534 (40.2 %) | |
| Presence of hypoglycemia | Hypoglycemia unawareness | 3 (0.2 %) |
| Recent severe hypoglycemia | 0 (0 %) | |
| Multiple weekly hypoglycemia | 11 (0.8 %) | |
| Hypoglycemia < 1 per week | 98 (7.4 %) | |
| No hypoglycemia | 1216 (91.6 %) | |
| Level of glycemic control | HbA1c > 9 % | 166 (12.5 %) |
| HbA1c 7.5–9 % | 769 (57.9 %) | |
| HbA1c < 7.5 % | 393 (29.6 %) | |
| Type of treatment | Multiple daily mixed insulin injections | 524 (39.5 %) |
| Basal bolus or Insulin pump | 77 (5.8 %) | |
| Once daily mixed insulin | 64 (4.8 %) | |
| Basal insulin | 22 (1.7 %) | |
| Glibenclamide | 26 (2.0 %) | |
| Gliclazide MR or Glimepiride or Repaglinide | 180 (13.6 %) | |
| Other therapy (not including SU or Insulin) | 435 (32.8 %) | |
| SMBG | Indicated but not conducted | 191 (14.4 %) |
| Indicated but conducted suboptimally | 439 (33.1 %) | |
| Conducted as indicated | 698 (52.6 %) | |
| Acute complications | DKA or HONC in the last 3 months | 1 (0.1 %) |
| DKA or HONC in the last 6 months | 4 (0.3 %) | |
| DKA or HONC in the last 12 months | 13 (1.0 %) | |
| No DKA or HONC | 1310 (98.6 %) | |
| MVD Complications/Comorbidities | Unstable MVD | 6 (0.5 %) |
| Stable MVD | 15 (1.1 %) | |
| No MVD | 1307 (98.4 %) | |
| Renal Complications/Comorbidities | eGFR < 30 mL/min | 2 (0.2 %) |
| eGFR 30–45 mL/min | 3 (0.2 %) | |
| eGFR 45–60 mL/min | 32 (2.4 %) | |
| eGFR > 60 mL/min | 1291 (97.2 %) | |
| Frailty and Cognitive function | Impaired cognitive function or Frail | 3 (0.2 %) |
| >70 years old with no home support | 1 (0.1 %) | |
| No frailty or loss in cognitive function | 1324 (99.7 %) | |
| Physical Labor | Highly intense physical labor | 0 (0 %) |
| Moderate intense physical labor | 13 (1.0 %) | |
| No physical labor | 1315 (99.0 %) | |
| Previous Ramadan Experience | Overall negative experience | 20 (1.5 %) |
| No negative or positive experience | 1308 (98.5 %) |
*Urban: District towns and city corporation areas, Suburban: Subdistrict towns and municipalities that are not at the district level, Rural: Villages and small towns that are not municipalities.
Gliclazide MR = Gliclazide modified release, SMBG = Self-monitoring of blood glucose, DKA = Diabetic ketoacidosis, HONC = hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic coma, MVD = Macrovascular disease, eGFR = Estimated glomerular filtration rate.