Table 1.

Associated injuries in patients with Segond fracture.

First Author, Year	Journal	Study Design: Level of Evidence	Country	Inclusion Criteria	Exclusion Criteria	No. of Patients	Age (Mean ± SD, years)	No. of Males	Follow-up Duration	Segond Fracture Imaging Modality	Associated Injuries or Procedures
Albtoush, 201929	Clin Imaging	Case series, Level 4	USA	–	–	2	17.5 (range 16–19)	2/2	–	•XR •CT •MRI	•MCL avulsion •Lateral femoral condyle impaction •Patellar sleeve avulsion •Fibular styloid fracture •Full-thickness ACL tear •Popliteus tendon tear •Tibial plateau fracture
Albtoush, 202028	RöFo	Case report: Level 4	USA	–	–	1	43	1/1	–	•XR •CT •MRI	•Lateral femoral condyle impaction •ACL avulsion •PCL avulsion •Lateral tibial plateau fracture •Arcuate ligament avulsion •MCL sprain
Albers, 201734	KSSTA	Case report: Level 4	USA	–	–	1	21	0/1	At least 7 months	•XR •MRI •High-resolution US	•Lateral meniscus tear •MCL sprain •PLC sprain •ACL tear
Bock, 19945	Skeletal Radiology	Retrospective cohort: Level 3	Canada	•Patients with ACL injury	–	7	Range 17-36	–	64 months (range 46–113)	•XR •MRI	•Medial meniscus tear •Lateral meniscus tear •ACL tear
Gaunder, 20176	AJSM	Retrospective cohort: Level 3	USA	•Patients who underwent either primary or revision ACL reconstruction	•Patients with incomplete pre-operative imaging	31	15.6 ± 1.7	23/31	–	•XR •MRI	•ACL tear
Goldman, 19882	AJR	Retrospective cohort: Level 3	USA	–	–	9	28.7	8/9	–	•XR •Arthrogram	•Osteochondral defect of lateral femoral condyle •Avulsion fracture of tibial eminence •Avulsion fracture of Gerdy tubercle •Avulsion fracture of fibular head •PCL tear •Disruption of lateral capsule •Lateral meniscus tear •Medial meniscus tear •Popliteus tendon injury •ACL tear
Hess, 19943	CORR	Retrospective cohort: Level 3	Germany	•Patients with ACL injury	–	14	–	–	–	XR	•Medial meniscus tear •Lateral meniscus tear •MCL tear •LCL tear
Fernandes, 201835	BMJ Case Report	Case report: Level 4	France	–	–	1	31	1/1	At least 1 year	XR	–
Ferretti, 201736	OJSM	Case series, Level 4	Italy	•Complete ACL tear confirmed on MRI •Segond fracture detected on XR •Competitive sports participation (Tegner level ≥6) •Positive Lachman and Pivot-shift on pre-op EUA	•Age >40 years •BMI exceeding 30 kg/m2 •Previous knee trauma or surgery •Multi-ligamentous injuries (detected by MRI and/or positive clinical findings (varus or valgus stress, recurvatum, posterior drawer test))	12	26.5 ± 5.7 (range 16–45)	10/12	28.6 ± 2.1 months (range 24–37)	XR	•Massive disruption of ALC: 33% (4/12) •Extensive capsular damage: 100% (12/12) •Medial partial selective meniscectomy: 33% (4/12) •Lateral partial selective meniscectomy: 8% (1/12) •Medial and lateral partial selective meniscectomy: 8% (1/12) •Meniscectomy performed during follow-up: 8% (1/12)
Klos, 20177	KSSTA	Retrospective cohort: Level 3	Netherlands	–	–	27	–	–	–	US	•ACL tear •Lateral femoral condyle impaction •MCL injury •Medial meniscus injury •Lateral meniscus injury
Kushare, 202132	J. Pediatr. Orthop.	Retrospective cohort: Level 3	USA	•Patients diagnosed with Segond fracture via radiographic imaging	•No advanced imaging •Non-operative treatment	53	15.4 (range 11.8–19)	44/53	–	•XR •MRI •CT	•ACL tear •Tibial spine fracture •Meniscal injury
Melugin, 201733	AJSM	Retrospective cohort: Level 3	USA	•Segond fracture on XR •Complete ACL tear requiring reconstruction •Minimum 2 year follow-up	•No ACL injury •Non-operative treatment for ACL injury •Multi-ligamentous knee injury (defined as 2 or more ligaments repaired or reconstructed) •Fixation of Segond fracture or ALL reconstruction •Less than 2 year follow-up	20	26.3 (range 13–44)	16/20	59.1 months (range 24–180)	XR	•Meniscal damage: 35% (7/20) •Cartilage damage (grade ≥3): 15% (3/20) •ACL tear
Phatama, 202127	IJSCR	Case report: Level 4	Indonesia	–	–	1	16	1/1	–	•XR •3D-CT	•PCL avulsion fracture
Slagstad, 20208	AJSM	Retrospective cohort: Level 3	Norway	•Patients with ACL tear undergoing isolated ACL reconstruction •Minimum 2 years follow-up	•Concomitant surgery to other ligaments (PCL, LCL, PLC, or MCL) •Missing pre-op radiograph	101	30 ± 12	60/101	At least 2 years	XR (Within 1 month of injury and within 2 months pre-op)	•Meniscal surgery: 50.5% (51/101) •Cartilage procedure: 2% (2/101) •ACL tear
Sulaiman, 202131	Knee	Retrospective cohort: Level 3	China	•Patients with acute complete ACL tear	•> 1 month from time of injury •Multi-ligamentous knee injury •Tibial plateau fracture •History of prior knee surgery •Congenital knee deformity •Incomplete pre-operative imaging •Immature skeleton	53	–	–	–	•XR •MRI	•ACL tear •Lateral meniscus tear •Medial meniscus tear
Yeo, 202213	AP-SMART	Retrospective cohort: Level 3	Singapore	•Patients aged 16–60 years old who underwent primary ACL reconstruction	•Concurrent lower limb fractures •Incomplete pre-operative imaging	10	26.7 ± 7.6 (range 16–38)	9/10	–	MRI	•Lateral meniscus tear •Medial meniscus tear •ACL tear •Bone marrow oedema •MCL tear
Yoon, 20189	Arthroscopy	Retrospective cohort: Level 3	Korea	•Patients with isolated ACL tear undergoing primary ACL reconstruction •Undergone CT scan immediately post-op •Minimum 2 years follow-up	•Pediatric patients with growth plates	34	29.0 ± 14.4	26/34	At least 2 years	CT (Immediate post-op)	•Medial meniscal injury: 35.3% (12/34) •Lateral meniscal injury: 17.7% (6/34) •Medial and lateral meniscal injury: 44.1% (15/34) •ACL tear