Table 2.

Univariate and multivariable logistic regression estimates for enrolment on the National Immunisation Register and age-appropriate measles, mumps and rubella vaccination status by demographic characteristics (n = 2796).

	In the NIRa, c		Age appropriately received MMRb, d, e vaccine
	Unadjusted OR estimate (95% confidence range)	Adjusted OR estimate (95% confidence range)	Unadjusted OR estimate (95% confidence range)	Adjusted OR estimate (95% confidence range)
Visa category
Quota refugee	REF	REF	REF	REF
Convention refugee	0.58 (0.42–0.79)	0.63 (0.40–1.01)	0.47 (0.31–0.73)	0.30 (0.12–0.74)∗
Humanitarian	0.65 (0.52–0.81)	0.62 (0.41–0.94)∗	0.5 (0.37–0.67)	0.41 (0.21–0.80)∗
Overstayer	0.73 (0.49–1.08)	0.68 (0.32–1.45)	0.96 (0.63–1.48)	0.61 (0.19–1.89)
Family reunification	0.45 (0.30–0.67)∗	0.38 (0.20–0.70)∗	0.5 (0.29–0.87)	0.26 (0.08–0.78)∗
Age group at arrival
0–<2 years	2.2 (0.88–5.53)	2.11 (0.83–5.34)	7.94 (4.97–12.69)∗	15.35 (8.59–27.4)∗
2–<6 years	REF	REF	REF	REF
6–<14 years	0.12 (0.08–0.19)∗	0.12 (0.08–0.19)∗	0.05 (0.04–0.08)∗	0.03 (0.02–0.05)∗
14–19 years	0.05 (0.03–0.09)∗	0.05 (0.03–0.08)∗	0.009 (0.002–0.036)∗	0.005 (0.001–0.02)∗
Arrival year
2006	REF	REF	REF	REF
2007	0.75 (0.54–1.05)	0.64 (0.39–1.06)	1.32 (0.84–2.1)	0.83 (0.35–1.96)
2008	0.81 (0.58–1.12)	1.14 (0.70–1.85)	1.2 (0.76–1.89)	1.84 (0.77–4.36)
2009	0.95 (0.68–1.34)	1.08 (0.65–1.78)	2.19 (1.43–3.37)	4.58 (1.96–10.74)∗
2010	0.82 (0.58–1.16)	1.00 (0.60–1.68)	2.18 (1.41–3.37)	8.03 (3.33–19.36)∗
2011	1.29 (0.90–1.86)	2.11 (1.21–3.68)∗	2.67 (1.73–4.13)	9.87 (4.07–23.93)∗
2012	1.07 (0.76–1.50)	1.70 (1.01–2.84)∗	4.16 (2.76–6.27)∗	20.17 (8.60–47.30)∗
2013	1.40 (0.72–2.73)	1.55 (0.62–3.86)	4.43 (2.35–8.37)∗	6.71 (1.96–22.97)∗
United Nations region
Oceania	REF	REF	REF	REF
Africa	1.13 (0.80–1.60)	1.60 (0.66–3.88)	0.89 (0.57–1.4)	7.65 (1.46–40.12)∗
America	2.09 (1.36–3.21)∗	1.79 (0.69–4.64)	1.06 (0.64–1.75)	1.28 (0.23–7.10)
Asia	1.57 (1.16–2.12)	0.91 (0.41–2.00)	1.54 (1.06–2.25)∗	2.61 (0.60–11.36)
Europe	1.41 (0.82–2.44)	1.79 (0.56–5.77)	0.88 (0.44–1.75)	11.69 (1.30–105.4)∗
Ethnicityf
Māori, European & Other	REF	REF	REF	REF
Pacific Peoples	0.68 (0.42–1.11)	1.23 (0.39–3.88)	1.89 (0.99–3.60)	5.35 (0.64–44.63)
Asian	1.27 (0.87–1.87)∗	1.99 (0.88–4.52)	2.21 (1.31–3.7)∗	2.76 (0.60–12.75)
MELAAg	0.97 (0.66–1.43)	0.95 (0.44–2.03)	1.74 (1.02–2.98)	2.04 (0.47–8.87)
Dependent children in familyh
One	REF	REF	REF	REF
Two	1.35 (1.07–1.69)	0.95 (0.69–1.31)	1.74 (1.31–2.29)∗	1.94 (1.10–3.43)∗
Three	1.77 (1.37–2.29)∗	1.32 (0.89–1.96)	1.7 (1.26–2.29)	1.94 (1.04–3.62)∗
Four or more	1.26 (0.97–1.64)	0.83 (0.54–1.25)	1.62 (1.18–2.22)	1.47 (0.75–2.88)
Household incomei
High	REF	REF	REF	REF
Low	1.57 (1.12–2.20)∗	1.16 (0.71–1.90)	2.58 (1.64–4.07)∗	1.60 (0.67–3.82)
Medium	1.25 (0.90–1.76)	0.92 (0.57–1.47)	2.06 (1.3–3.26)	1.80 (0.78–4.13)
Parent education (usually mother)
No reported qualification	REF	REF	REF	REF
Undergraduate degree	1.35 (0.93–1.96)	1.53 (0.88–2.64)	1.17 (0.81–1.71)	0.92 (0.43–1.94)
NZ secondary qualification to diploma	1.05 (0.81–1.36)	1.32 (0.90–1.94)	0.8 (0.6–1.08)	1.40 (0.76–2.56)
Overseas secondary qualification	1.11 (0.88–1.40)	1.07 (0.75–1.54)	1.13 (0.88–1.45)	0.96 (0.57–1.60)
Postgraduate degree	1.06 (0.55–2.05)	0.87 (0.36–2.11)	1.16 (0.57–2.33)	2.81 (0.77–10.21)
Parent's ability to converse in English
Yes	REF	REF	REF	REF
No	0.94 (0.79–1.13)	0.95 (0.70–1.31)	1.03 (0.84–1.26)	1.44 (0.90–2.32)
Family structure
Sole parent	REF	REF	REF	REF
Couple	1.33 (1.10–1.62)∗	1.14 (0.83–1.57)	1.78 (1.4–2.26)∗	1.23 (0.72–2.11)

∗p-value < 0.05.

^aNational Immunisation Register.

^bYes = child was enrolled on the National Immunisation Register by the end of the study period.

^cMeasles, mumps and rubella vaccine.

^dVaccinated if child's age was ≥1 year and <5 years old and the child received at least one dose, or the child was ≥5 years and received two doses (MOH, 2020). Although children <1 year old are not eligible for MMR, we considered them to be age-appropriately vaccinated as they may have received a dose.

^eVaccination status based on child's age at the end of the study period.

^fEthnicity is self-reported by parents as per the National Health Index dataset and grouped according to Level 1 ethnic categories as per Statistics New Zealand.

^gMiddle Eastern, Latin American, or African.

^hThe ‘none’ group has been removed from the modelling as they are likely to be young adults at the end of the study period who filled out the Census and thus are inconsistent with the rest of the cohort who were dependent children.

ⁱHousehold income: Low (<$25,000), Medium ($25,001–$70,000), High ($70,001–$150,001 or more).