. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Sep 15.

Published in final edited form as: Eur Respir J. 2022 Sep 15;60(3):2101954. doi: 10.1183/13993003.01954-2021

Table 3.

Associations between the PRS and other early-life risk factors and COPD occurring early in life (age < 50) in COPDGene non-Hispanic white participants.

Predictive variable	OR (95% CI)
Predictive variable	model 1	model 2	model 3
Polygenic risk score ^*	1.60 (1.46-1.76)		1.55 (1.41-1.71)
Maternal smoking during pregnancy		1.48 (1.21-1.81)	1.51 (1.23-1.86)
Active smoking during adolescence		1.86 (1.42-2.43)	1.92 (1.46-2.52)
Childhood asthma		2.34 (1.72-3.19)	2.07 (1.51-2.83)
Family history of COPD		1.99 (1.64-2.41)	1.86 (1.52-2.26)
Education
High school or below (reference)		1.00	1.00
College		0.53 (0.44-0.64)	0.55 (0.45-0.67)
Graduate		0.25 (0.16-0.39)	0.28 (0.18-0.44)

PRS: polygenic risk score; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.

model 1: PRS + principal components of genetic ancestry; model 2: other early-life risk factors; model 3: PRS + other early-life risk factors + principal components of genetic ancestry

ORs were calculated for per standard deviation increase of the PRS

All associations were statistically significant with p <0.001