Table 2.
Nasal sprays for treatment of SARS-CoV-2
| Nasal spray name | Organization | Mechanism | Effect | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NONS (Nitric oxide nasal spray) | SaNOtize, United Kingdom | Inhibit SARS-COV-2 replication and reduces palmitoylation of nascently expressed spike protein | Pulmonary dilation and reduction of infections | [91] |
| Taffix spray | Nasus pharma, Israel | Reduces penetration of SARS-COV-2to into nasal mucosa | Prevention of infection in respiratory tract and reduction of symptoms | [62] |
| Anti-COVID-19 nasal spray | University of Birmingham, Birmingham | Forms mucoadhesive layer of polysaccharide on the nasal mucosa | Protection of the upper respiratory pathways and infections | [45] |
| Inhaled mRNA antibodies | Neurimmune and Ethris | Local antibodies neutralize the SARS-CoV-2 virus | Pulmonary dilation | [70] |
| Alvesco inhaler | Covis Pharma, Luxembourg | During viral biogenesis interacts with viral NSP-15 |
Dilation of Respiratory tract Reduction in cough |
[89] |
| Ivermectin nasal spray | Medical biochemistry research, Egypt | Reduction of viral RNA | Reduces biochemical parameters to normal values | [93] |
| Antibody laden nasal spray | IGM bioscience California | IgM antibody neutralize variants of SARS-CoV-2. IgG antibody works against viral infection | Controls rate of infection and stop the spread of infection through the upper respiratory system | [90] |
| Astrodimer sodium 1% nasal spray | Aspen Pharmacare, South Africa and Starpharma, Australia | Reduces viral genome copies and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines to protect against cytokine storm | Protects brain from infection | [56] |
| Mometasone furoate nasal spray | Research Department of Biostatistic, Iran | Reduces olfactory dysfunction with direct administration through nostrils | Restores smell | [92] |
| Chlorpheniramine maleate nasal spray | Larkin healthcare Florida,Unites States | Reduces normal symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 | Improvement in symptoms including mild to non-existent congestion | [84] |
| PH94B neuroactive nasal spray | VistaGen Therapeutics, United States | Stimulates nasal chemosensory neurons and olfactory bulb neurons at the brain center | Regulation of fear and anxiety. Modulation of inhibitory neurotransmitters | [85] |