Table 3.

Devices for drug delivery

Device name	Innovator	Description	Function	References
Optinose Al (bi-directional drug delivery)	Optinose	Contains nose piece, mouthpiece, indented grip, bottle and base	Distributes the vaccine into the nasal mucosa, improving immune response Helps to deposit medication by applying pressure to the deep nasal vesicles	[116]
Cyclohaler®/Aerolizer®	Pharmachemie/Novartis	Reusable single dose inhaler and containing anterior cap, mesh, pierced hole, capsule chamber air inlet and chamber inlet	Improves the stability of existing nasal spray technology Reduces the risk of pulmonary deposition Deep lung medication administration feasible	[117]
MAD Nasal™ intranasal device	Teleflex	Contains spray tip fitted to standard syringe and soft conical plug at delivery site	Absorbed directly into the brain and cerebrospinal fluid via the nasal mucosa, avoiding first-pass metabolism Achieves a medication level at par with IV route	[118]
Unidose liquid nasal spray device	Aptar Pharma	Encompasses vial, nozzle actuator, cap, dip tube with spring	Delivers drug into the nasal mucosa by single spray into nostril Easy and quick to administration of drug Single or double dose of the drug can be administered Appropriate for daily medication over an extended period of time	[119]
Sinus™	PARI	Pulsating aerosol vibrant prototype device comprising nasal tube connected with nebulizer	Pulsating aerosols transport the medication to the nose and sinuses	[120]