Table 7.

Hypothesis testing results (Linear and Non-Linear Regression Tests)

Hypotheses	Regression	Regression Type	R2	Size of Effect	β	p-Value	Support H
H1	EoU → U	Cubic	0.273	Large	0.522	0.000	Yes
H2	VD → U	Quadratic	0.109	Medium	0.330	0.003	Yes
	CE → U	Cubic or Quadratic	0.199	Medium	0.446	0.000	Yes
	CQ → U	Linear	0.115	Medium	0.339	0.000	No
	SQ → U	Quadratic	0.267	Large	0.517	0.000	Yes
H3	VD → EoU	Cubic	0.076	Small	0.276	0.049	Yes
	CE → EoU	Cubic	0.187	Medium	0.432	0.000	Yes
	CQ → EoU	Linear	0.166	Medium	0.407	0.000	No
	SQ → EoU	Quadratic	0.167	Medium	0.409	0.000	Yes
H4	LInt → U	S-curve	0.187	Medium	0.432	0.000	Yes
	Nav → U	S-curve	0.216	Medium	0.465	0.000	Yes
	CES → U	Logarithmic	0.250	Large	0.500	0.000	Yes
	CSC → U	S-curve	0.215	Medium	0.464	0.000	Yes
H5	LInt → EoU	Cubic	0.185	Medium	0.430	0.000	Yes
	Nav → EoU	Linear	0.264	Large	0.514	0.000	No
	CES → EoU	Cubic	0.315	Large	0.561	0.000	Yes
	CSC → EoU	Quadratic	0.185	Medium	0.430	0.000	Yes
H8	LInt → GPA	S-curve	0.071	Small	0.266	0.007	Partially
	LInt → Grade	Cubic	0.158	Medium	0.397	0.001	Partially
H9	U → GPA	Cubic	0.085	Small	0.292	0.032	Partially

* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed)