Table 1.
Baseline sociodemographic, clinical characteristics and outcomes in the QResearch and Ontario cohorts
| QResearch | Ontario | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Whole cohort |
COVID-19 death |
COVID-19 hospitalisation |
COVID-19 ICU admission |
Whole cohort |
COVID-19 death |
COVID-19 hospitalisation |
COVID-19 ICU admission |
|
| Subjects (N) | ||||||||
| Age (yr) | 9,828,099 | 11,597 | 21,917 | 2932 | 10,273,496 | 951 | 5132 | 1191 |
| Mean (SD) | 47.6 (18.8) | 80.8 (11.7) | 69.0 (18.0) | 60.9 (13.8) | 48.7 (18.5) | 77.7 (12.9) | 66.6 (18.0) | 62.9 (14.1) |
| 18-29 | 1,988,204 (20.2) | 20 (0.2) | 649 (3.0) | 67 (2.3) | 1,927,688 (18.8) | ≤5 (≤0.5) | 202 (3.9) | 30 (2.5) |
| 30-39 | 1,907,376 (19.4) | 48 (0.4) | 1067 (4.9) | 160 (5.5) | 1,764,197 (17.2) | 6 (0.6) | 260 (5.1) | 44 (3.7) |
| 40-49 | 1,620,268 (16.5) | 125 (1.1) | 1744 (8.0) | 339 (11.6) | 1,684,114 (16.4) | 21 (2.2) | 417 (8.1) | 116 (9.7) |
| 50-59 | 1,602,608 (16.3) | 519 (4.5) | 2881 (13.1) | 711 (24.2) | 1,834,451 (17.9) | 53 (5.6) | 815 (15.9) | 263 (22.1) |
| 60-69 | 1,196,452 (12.2) | 1110 (9.6) | 3402 (15.5) | 822 (28.0) | 1,509,133 (14.7) | 152 (16.0) | 992 (19.3) | 336 (28.2) |
| 70-79 | 922,198 (9.4) | 2414 (20.8) | 4401 (20.1) | 611 (20.8) | 973,829 (9.5) | 206 (21.7) | 980 (19.1) | 262 (22.0) |
| 80-89 | 471,167 (4.8) | 4574 (39.4) | 5485 (25.0) | 204 (7.0) | 464,253 (4.5) | 332 (34.9) | 1012 (19.7) | 119 (10.0) |
| 90-99 | 119,826 (1.2) | 2787 (24.0) | 2288 (10.4) | 18 (0.6) | 115,831 (1.1) | ≥172 (≥18.1) | 454 (8.8) | 21 (1.8) |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Female | 4,934,876 (50.2) | 5154 (44.4) | 9694 (44.2) | 917 (31.3) | 5,301,576 (51.6) | 435 (45.7) | 2429 (47.3) | 440 (36.9) |
| Male | 4,893,223 (49.8) | 6443 (55.6) | 12,223 (55.8) | 2015 (68.7) | 4,971,920 (48.4) | 516 (54.3) | 2703 (52.7) | 751 (63.1) |
| Ethnicity (3 levels) | ||||||||
| General population a | 7,160,034 (72.9) | 8955 (77.2) | 16,597 (75.7) | 2167 (73.9) | 9,180,377 (89.4) | 850 (89.4) | 4649 (90.6) | 1042 (87.5) |
| South Asian | 585,810 (6.0) | 582 (5.0) | 1825 (8.3) | 353 (12.0) | 454,694 (4.4) | 58 (6.1) | 273 (5.3) | 72 (6.0) |
| Chinese | 96,391 (1.0) | 32 (0.3) | 77 (0.4) | 15 (0.5) | 638,425 (6.2) | 43 (4.5) | 210 (4.1) | 77 (6.5) |
| Not recorded | 1,985,864 (20.2) | 2028 (17.5) | 3418 (15.6) | 397 (13.5) | – | – | – | – |
| Ethnicity (5 levels) | ||||||||
| White | 6,264,009 (63.7) | 8131 (70.1) | 13,904 (63.4) | 1603 (54.7) | – | – | – | – |
| Mixed | 145,291 (1.5) | 77 (0.7) | 311 (1.4) | 64 (2.2) | – | – | – | – |
| South Asian | 585,810 (6.0) | 582 (5.0) | 1825 (8.3) | 353 (12.0) | – | – | – | – |
| Black | 407,604 (4.1) | 550 (4.7) | 1546 (7.1) | 302 (10.3) | – | – | – | – |
| Other | 439,521 (4.5) | 229 (2.0) | 913 (4.2) | 213 (7.3) | – | – | – | – |
| Not recorded | 1,985,864 (20.2) | 2028 (17.5) | 3418 (15.6) | 397 (13.5) | – | – | – | – |
| Deprivation | ||||||||
| Quintile 1 – Least deprived | 2,217,549 (22.6) | 2462 (21.2) | 4128 (18.8) | 474 (16.2) | 2,496,985 (24.3) | 124 (13.0) | 812 (15.8) | 174 (14.6) |
| Quintile 2 | 2,143,852 (21.8) | 2489 (21.5) | 4371 (19.9) | 521 (17.8) | 2,152,782 (21.0) | 154 (16.2) | 832 (16.2) | 191 (16.0) |
| Quintile 3 | 1,941,638 (19.8) | 2650 (22.9) | 4570 (20.9) | 621 (21.2) | 1,897,167 (18.5) | 187 (19.7) | 961 (18.7) | 219 (18.4) |
| Quintile 4 | 1,792,050 (18.2) | 2107 (18.2) | 4460 (20.3) | 599 (20.4) | 1,813,916 (17.7) | 198 (20.8) | 958 (18.7) | 263 (22.1) |
| Quintile 5 – Most deprived | 1,676,662 (17.1) | 1860 (16.0) | 4311 (19.7) | 711 (24.2) | 1,912,646 (18.6) | 288 (30.3) | 1569 (30.6) | 344 (28.9) |
| Not recorded | 56,348 (0.6) | 29 (0.3) | 77 (0.4) | 6 (0.2) | – | – | – | – |
| Home type | ||||||||
| Neither | 9,749,068 (99.2) | 8600 (74.2) | 20,040 (91.4) | 2884 (98.4) | – | – | – | – |
| Care home | 60,971 (0.6) | 2980 (25.7) | 1819 (8.3) | 37 (1.3) | 67,212 (0.7) | 334 (35.1) | 862 (16.8) | 92 (7.7) |
| Homeless | 18,060 (0.2) | 17 (0.1) | 58 (0.3) | 11 (0.4) | – | – | – | – |
| Household size | ||||||||
| 1 person | 3,490,475 (35.5) | 4556 (39.3) | 9472 (43.2) | 1169 (39.9) | – | – | – | – |
| 2 people | 2,532,390 (25.8) | 2361 (20.4) | 5409 (24.7) | 792 (27.0) | – | – | – | – |
| 3-5 people | 3,277,375 (33.3) | 1401 (12.1) | 4509 (20.6) | 801 (27.3) | – | – | – | – |
| 6-9 people | 388,358 (4.0) | 634 (5.5) | 994 (4.5) | 135 (4.6) | – | – | – | – |
| 10 or more | 139,501 (1.4) | 2645 (22.8) | 1533 (7.0) | 35 (1.2) | – | – | – | – |
| Body mass Index (kg/m2) | ||||||||
| < 18.5 | 272,673 (2.8) | 586 (5.1) | 529 (2.4) | 24 (0.8) | – | – | – | – |
| 18.5-25 | 3,228,461 (32.8) | 3728 (32.1) | 5255 (24.0) | 445 (15.2) | – | – | – | – |
| 25-30 | 2,709,699 (27.6) | 3401 (29.3) | 6955 (31.7) | 916 (31.2) | – | – | – | – |
| 30-35 | 1,260,163 (12.8) | 1739 (15.0) | 4430 (20.2) | 733 (25.0) | – | – | – | – |
| 35-40 | 477,760 (4.9) | 753 (6.5) | 2012 (9.2) | 397 (13.5) | – | – | – | – |
| ≥ 40 | 239,768 (2.4) | 394 (3.4) | 1299 (5.9) | 258 (8.8) | – | – | – | – |
| Not recorded | 1,639,575 (16.7) | 996 (8.6) | 1437 (6.6) | 159 (5.4) | – | – | – | – |
| Smoking | ||||||||
| Non-smoker | 5,619,707 (57.2) | 6077 (52.4) | 12,252 (55.9) | 1667 (56.9) | – | – | – | – |
| Ex-smoker | 2,064,126 (21.0) | 4499 (38.8) | 7722 (35.2) | 1014 (34.6) | – | – | – | – |
| Current smoker | 1,633,590 (16.6) | 742 (6.4) | 1655 (7.6) | 226 (7.7) | – | – | – | – |
| Not recorded | 510,676 (5.2) | 279 (2.4) | 288 (1.3) | 25 (0.9) | – | – | – | – |
| Comorbidities | ||||||||
| Asthma | 1,342,685 (13.7) | 1567 (13.5) | 3749 (17.1) | 482 (16.4) | 1,607,620 (15.6) | 178 (18.7) | 1007 (19.6) | 245 (20.6) |
| COPD | 224,949 (2.3) | 1578 (13.6) | 2523 (11.5) | 206 (7.0) | 252,577 (2.5) | 162 (17.0) | 572 (11.1) | 109 (9.2) |
| Hypertension | 1,643,338 (16.7) | 6941 (59.9) | 10,876 (49.6) | 1329 (45.3) | 2,735,573 (26.6) | 771 (81.1) | 3269 (63.7) | 713 (59.9) |
| Coronary heart disease | 342,108 (3.5) | 2640 (22.8) | 3620 (16.5) | 349 (11.9) | 311,012 (3.0) | 144 (15.1) | 558 (10.9) | 127 (10.7) |
| Stroke | 208,496 (2.1) | 2268 (19.6) | 2736 (12.5) | 137 (4.7) | 81,829 (0.8) | 70 (7.4) | 277 (5.4) | 42 (3.5) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 234,637 (2.4) | 2311 (19.9) | 2863 (13.1) | 162 (5.5) | 179,709 (1.7) | 162 (17.0) | 567 (11.0) | 87 (7.3) |
| Congestive cardiac failure | 113,411 (1.2) | 1519 (13.1) | 1966 (9.0) | 124 (4.2) | 241,392 (2.3) | 242 (25.4) | 834 (16.3) | 154 (12.9) |
| Diabetes | 671,376 (6.8) | 3593 (31.0) | 6312 (28.8) | 941 (32.1) | 1,315,449 (12.8) | 490 (51.5) | 2062 (40.2) | 510 (42.8) |
| Chronic kidney disease b | 383,449 (3.9) | 3839 (33.1) | 5026 (22.9) | 398 (13.6) | 267,379 (2.6) | 246 (25.9) | 878 (17.1) | 218 (18.3) |
| Severe mental illness | 1,091,954 (11.1) | 2038 (17.6) | 3850 (17.6) | 455 (15.5) | – | – | – | – |
| Parkinson’s disease | 25,054 (0.3) | 421 (3.6) | 450 (2.1) | 14 (0.5) | – | – | – | – |
| Epilepsy | 130,251 (1.3) | 409 (3.5) | 726 (3.3) | 71 (2.4) | – | – | – | – |
| Dementia | 98,591 (1.0) | 3733 (32.2) | 2614 (11.9) | 26 (0.9) | 171,844 (1.7) | 392 (41.2) | 1129 (22.0) | 109 (9.2) |
| Rare neurological diseases | 29,814 (0.3) | 122 (1.1) | 201 (0.9) | 22 (0.8) | – | – | – | – |
| Learning disability | 174,757 (1.8) | 615 (5.3) | 967 (4.4) | 95 (3.2) | – | – | – | – |
| Cerebral palsy | 10,892 (0.1) | 26 (0.2) | 62 (0.3) | 10 (0.3) | – | – | – | – |
| Pulmonary hypertension/fibrosis | 16,820 (0.2) | 227 (2.0) | 316 (1.4) | 24 (0.8) | – | – | – | – |
| Rheumatoid arthritis/SLE c | 96,286 (1.0) | 361 (3.1) | 659 (3.0) | 72 (2.5) | 119,127 (1.2) | 33 (3.5) | 133 (2.6) | 29 (2.4) |
| Liver cirrhosis/NAFLD | 182,026 (1.9) | 418 (3.6) | 1097 (5.0) | 185 (6.3) | 53,399 (0.5) | 24 (2.5) | 115 (2.2) | 29 (2.4) |
| Sickle cell disease | 3546 (0.0) | 7 (0.1) | 36 (0.2) | 9 (0.3) | 2161 (0.0) | ≤5 (≤0.5) | 8 (0.2) | ≤5 (≤0.4) |
| VTE/PVD | 234,713 (2.4) | 1669 (14.4) | 2431 (11.1) | 206 (7.0) | – | – | – | – |
| Cancer d | 69,259 (0.7) | 545 (4.7) | 765 (3.5) | 96 (3.3) | 3,102,868 (30.2) | 493 (51.8) | 2251 (43.9) | 462 (38.8) |
| Immunosuppression | 116,317 (1.2) | 544 (4.7) | 1079 (4.9) | 191 (6.5) | – | – | – | – |
| Transplant (marrow/solid) | 11,202 (0.1) | 58 (0.5) | 160 (0.7) | 44 (1.5) | 13,599 (0.1) | 6 (0.6) | 41 (0.8) | 15 (1.3) |
| Crohn’s/colitis | – | – | – | – | 84,287 (0.8) | ≤5 (≤0.5) | 35 (0.7) | 9 (0.8) |
| HIV | – | – | – | – | 19,272 (0.2) | ≤5 (≤0.5) | 21 (0.4) | ≤5 (≤0.4) |
aPeople not South Asian and Chinese - Ontario: approximately 80% White; QResearch; White, Other Asian, Black African, Black Caribbean, and Other
bChronic kidney disease stage 3-5 in QResearch. c Rheumatoid arthritis alone in Ontario cohort. d Blood/respiratory cancer in QResearch, all cancer types in Ontario cohort
COPD – chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; SLE – systemic lupus erythematosus; NAFLD – Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; VTE – venous thromboembolism; PVD – peripheral vascular disease; HIV – human immunodeficiency virus
Cells less than 5 are suppressed