Table 2.
Percentage of excess risk mediated in COVID-19-related outcomes in ethnic minority groups (QResearch cohort)
| Mixed race | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| COVID-19-related death | HR | 95% CI | PERM | 95% CI | ||
| Minimal adjustment | 1.19 | 0.96 | 1.47 | ... | ... | ... |
| Household and social factors | 1.08 | 0.87 | 1.33 | 57.9 | -73.7 | 168.4 |
| Comorbidities | 1.11 | 0.90 | 1.37 | 42.1 | -94.7 | 152.6 |
| Lifestyle and BMI | 1.22 | 0.98 | 1.50 | ... | ... | ... |
| Maximal adjustment | 1.07 | 0.87 | 1.33 | 63.2 | -73.7 | 168.4 |
| COVID-19-related hospitalisation | ||||||
| Minimal adjustment | 1.83 | 1.63 | 2.06 | ... | ... | ... |
| Household and social factors | 1.65 | 1.47 | 1.86 | 21.7 | -3.6 | 43.4 |
| Comorbidities | 1.78 | 1.58 | 1.99 | 6.0 | -19.3 | 30.1 |
| Lifestyle and BMI | 1.87 | 1.67 | 2.10 | ... | ... | ... |
| Maximal adjustment | 1.68 | 1.49 | 1.88 | 18.1 | -6.0 | 41.0 |
| COVID-19-related ICU admission | ||||||
| Minimal adjustment | 2.58 | 2.00 | 3.32 | ... | ... | ... |
| Household and social factors | 2.33 | 1.80 | 3.01 | 15.8 | -27.2 | 49.4 |
| Comorbidities | 2.41 | 1.86 | 3.11 | 10.8 | -33.5 | 45.6 |
| Lifestyle and BMI | 2.68 | 2.07 | 3.45 | ... | ... | ... |
| Maximal adjustment | 2.35 | 1.82 | 3.04 | 14.6 | -29.1 | 48.1 |
| South Asian | ||||||
| COVID-19-related death | HR | 95% CI | PERM | 95% CI | ||
| Minimal adjustment | 1.56 | 1.40 | 1.74 | ... | ... | ... |
| Household and social factors | 1.32 | 1.18 | 1.48 | 42.9 | 14.3 | 67.9 |
| Comorbidities | 1.41 | 1.27 | 1.58 | 26.8 | -3.6 | 51.8 |
| Lifestyle and BMI | 1.64 | 1.47 | 1.83 | ... | ... | ... |
| Maximal adjustment | 1.32 | 1.17 | 1.48 | 42.9 | 14.3 | 69.6 |
| COVID-19-related hospitalisation | ||||||
| Minimal adjustment | 2.08 | 1.96 | 2.22 | ... | ... | ... |
| Household and social factors | 1.82 | 1.71 | 1.93 | 24.1 | 13.9 | 34.3 |
| Comorbidities | 1.87 | 1.75 | 1.99 | 19.4 | 8.3 | 30.6 |
| Lifestyle and BMI | 2.22 | 2.08 | 2.36 | ... | ... | ... |
| Maximal adjustment | 1.78 | 1.66 | 1.90 | 27.8 | 16.7 | 38.9 |
| COVID-19-related ICU admission | ||||||
| Minimal adjustment | 2.82 | 2.47 | 3.23 | ... | ... | ... |
| Household and social factors | 2.52 | 2.21 | 2.87 | 16.5 | -2.7 | 33.5 |
| Comorbidities | 2.25 | 1.95 | 2.58 | 31.3 | 13.2 | 47.8 |
| Lifestyle and BMI | 3.14 | 2.75 | 3.60 | ... | ... | ... |
| Maximal adjustment | 2.38 | 2.07 | 2.73 | 24.2 | 4.9 | 41.2 |
| Black | ||||||
| COVID-19-related death | HR | 95% CI | PERM | 95% CI | ||
| Minimal adjustment | 1.71 | 1.54 | 1.90 | ... | ... | ... |
| Household and social factors | 1.41 | 1.27 | 1.56 | 42.3 | 21.1 | 62.0 |
| Comorbidities | 1.55 | 1.39 | 1.72 | 22.5 | -1.4 | 45.1 |
| Lifestyle and BMI | 1.78 | 1.60 | 1.98 | ... | ... | ... |
| Maximal adjustment | 1.43 | 1.28 | 1.59 | 39.4 | 16.9 | 60.6 |
| COVID-19-related hospitalisation | ||||||
| Minimal adjustment | 2.20 | 2.06 | 2.34 | ... | ... | ... |
| Household and social factors | 1.83 | 1.72 | 1.94 | 30.8 | 21.7 | 40.0 |
| Comorbidities | 2.06 | 1.93 | 2.19 | 11.7 | 0.8 | 22.5 |
| Lifestyle and BMI | 2.10 | 1.97 | 2.24 | 8.3 | -3.3 | 19.2 |
| Maximal adjustment | 1.75 | 1.65 | 1.86 | 37.5 | 28.3 | 45.8 |
| COVID-19-related ICU admission | ||||||
| Minimal adjustment | 2.95 | 2.59 | 3.35 | ... | ... | ... |
| Household and social factors | 2.49 | 2.19 | 2.84 | 23.6 | 5.6 | 39.0 |
| Comorbidities | 2.57 | 2.25 | 2.94 | 19.5 | 0.5 | 35.9 |
| Lifestyle and BMI | 2.71 | 2.38 | 3.10 | 12.3 | -7.7 | 29.2 |
| Maximal adjustment | 2.19 | 1.91 | 2.52 | 39.0 | 22.1 | 53.3 |
| Other ethnic group | ||||||
| COVID-19-related death | HR | 95% CI | PERM | 95% CI | ||
| Minimal adjustment | 1.13 | 0.98 | 1.31 | ... | ... | ... |
| Household and social factors | 1.03 | 0.89 | 1.19 | 76.9 | -46.2 | 184.6 |
| Comorbidities | 1.20 | 1.03 | 1.39 | ... | ... | ... |
| Lifestyle and BMI | 1.18 | 1.01 | 1.37 | ... | ... | ... |
| Maximal adjustment | 1.14 | 0.99 | 1.33 | ... | ... | ... |
| COVID-19-related hospitalisation | ||||||
| Minimal adjustment | 1.68 | 1.56 | 1.81 | ... | ... | ... |
| Household and social factors | 1.51 | 1.40 | 1.63 | 25.0 | 7.4 | 41.2 |
| Comorbidities | 1.75 | 1.62 | 1.89 | ... | ... | ... |
| Lifestyle and BMI | 1.85 | 1.71 | 1.99 | ... | ... | ... |
| Maximal adjustment | 1.71 | 1.59 | 1.85 | ... | ... | ... |
| COVID-19-related ICU admission | ||||||
| Minimal adjustment | 2.54 | 2.16 | 2.98 | ... | ... | ... |
| Household and social factors | 2.30 | 1.96 | 2.70 | 15.6 | -10.4 | 37.7 |
| Comorbidities | 2.43 | 2.07 | 2.86 | 7.1 | -20.8 | 30.5 |
| Lifestyle and BMI | 3.01 | 2.56 | 3.53 | ... | ... | ... |
| Maximal adjustment | 2.61 | 2.22 | 3.07 | ... | ... | ... |
Percentage of excess risk mediated (PERM; relative to White adults) by distinct classes of confounders by ethnic groups during the study period. These are compared to a minimally adjusted model, which accounted for age, sex and geographical region. Results denote hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals derived from flexible parametric survival models in the multiple imputed database (9,828,099 individuals; 11597 deaths; 21917 hospitalisations; 2932 ICU admissions).