TABLE 2.
Summary of human studies on the telescoping effect within treatment-seeking individuals
| Source | Drug | Subjects | Telescoping findings: time (in years unless stated otherwise) between events |
|---|---|---|---|
| Diehl et al. (2007) | Alcohol | 106W/106M | W<M:regular use to dependence (10.0 vs. 11.6) W< dependence to treatment (4.5 vs. 7.9) |
| Johnson et al. (2005) | Alcohol | 785W/1252M | W<M: regular use to problematic use in the older (30+; 7.6 vs. 10.9), but not younger age group (< 29; 4.9 vs. 5.2) |
| Randall et al. (1999) | Alcohol | 419W/1307M | W<M:regular use to problematic use (0.9 vs. 2.3) W<M:loss of control over use to severe alcohol-related problems (5.5 vs. 7.8) W<M:regular use to seeking treatment (11.6 vs. 15.8) |
| Lewis and Nixon (2014) | Alcohol | 257W/274M | W<M:milestones (first use, first intoxication, regular use, problematic use) to treatment (18.1 vs. 23.0, 15.5 vs. 20.7, 13.0 vs. 18.2, 10.3 vs. 14.5) W=M: milestones (first use, first intoxication, regular use) to problematic use/dependence (8.9 vs. 9.7, 6.3 vs. 7.4, 3.2 vs. 4.5) |
| Ashley et al. (1977) | Alcohol | 135W/736M | W<M:problematic use to treatment (14.1 vs. 20.2) |
| Hesselbrock et al. (1985) | Alcohol | 90W/231M | W<M:initial use to problematic use/dependence (7.4 vs. 15.0) |
| Piazza et al. (1989) | Alcohol | 33W/105M | W<M:problematic use to treatment (10.4 vs. 14.7) W=M: initial use to first intoxication (2.9 vs. 1.7) W=M: first intoxication to problematic use (14.0 vs. 14.7) |
| Mann et al. (1992) | Alcohol | 14W/51M | W<M:initial use to treatment (3.8 vs. 9.2) |
| Mann et al. (2005) | Alcohol | 42W/34M | W<M:problematic use/dependence to treatment (5.6 vs. 10.4) |
| McCance-Katz et al. (1999) | Alcohol, Cocaine |
92W/206M | W<M:initial alcohol use to treatment (8.8 vs. 11.4) W<M:initial cocaine use to treatment (5.2 vs. 5.8) |
| Hernandez-Avila et al. (2004) | Alcohol, Cannabis, Opioids |
156W/115M | W<M:regular alcohol use to treatment (14.5 vs. 19.0) W<M:regular cannabis use to treatment (13.0 vs. 18.0) W<M:regular opioid use to treatment (8.0 vs. 12.0) |
| Griffin et al. (1989) | Cocaine | 34W/95M | W<M:initial use to treatment (9.0 vs. 10.2) |
| White et al. (1996) | Cocaine | 27W/60M | W<M:initial use to problematic use (1.6 vs. 3.3) W<M:initial use to treatment (5.1 vs. 10.4) |
| Haas and Peters (2000)a | Alcohol, Cocaine, Cannabis |
42W/118M | W< M: initial cocaine use to problematic use (4.3 vs. 9.8) W=M: initial alcohol or cannabis use to problematic use (2.2 vs. 1.9) |
| Lewis et al. (2014) | Cocaine, Cannabis, Opioids |
288W/255M | W=M: regular cocaine use to problematic use (1.1 vs. 1.8) W<M:regular opioid use to problematic use (0.5 vs. 2.7) W<M:regular cannabis use to problematic use (0.7 vs. 2.0b) |
| Tavares et al. (2003) | Gambling | 70W/70M | W<M:milestones (social, intense, and problematic gambling) to treatment (5.0 vs. 7.9, 0.8 vs. 4.3, 1.9 vs. 6.7) |
| Ladd and Petry (2002) | Gambling | 45W/70M | W<M:problematic gambling to treatment (4.4 vs. 14.6) |
| Ibanez et al. (2003) | Gambling | 22W/47M | W<M:initial gambling to problematic gambling (4.2 vs. 11.0) |
| Grant et al. (2012) | Gambling | 34W/37M | W<M:initial gambling to problematic gambling (8.3 vs. 12.0) |
| Brecht et al. (2004) | Meth | 154W/196M | W<M:initial use to regular use (1.6 and 2.6 yearsb) |
| Peltier et al. (2021) | Opioids | 2794W/45614M | W<M:age diagnosed with OUD (44.9 vs. 51.0) |
| Anglin et al. (1987) | Opioids | 264W/282M | W<M:months from initial use to daily use (14 vs. 21) |
| Adelson et al. (2018) | Opioids | 494W/762M | W<M:initial heroin use to treatment (12.9 vs. 14.8) |
| Hser et al. (1987) | Opioids | 264W/282M | W<M:months from daily use to treatment (82.5 vs. 98.0) |
M, men; Meth, methamphetamine; n.s., nonsignificant; W, women.
aThis treatment population underwent forced treatment due to a drug court program.
bTrend for significant difference (P < 0.1).