Table 1.
Both samples' descriptive statistics and their comparison at baseline and follow-up.
| Berlin PSD | PoStDAM | Berlin PSD vs. PoStDAM 3 | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline (N = 273) | Follow-up (n = 176) | Baseline (N = 226) | Follow-up (n = 183) | Baseline | Follow-up | |||||||||||
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | χ2 | p | χ2 | p | |||||||||
| Gender (female) | 112 (41.0) | 82 (41.8) | 107 (47.3) | 83 (45.4) | 1.76 | 0.185 | 0.09 | 0.758 | ||||||||
| History of mental disorder (yes) | 36 (13.2) | 24 (13.6) | 61 (27.0) | 51 (27.9) | 13.78 | < 0.001 | 14.38 | < 0.001 | ||||||||
| First-ever stroke (yes) | 182 (72.8) | 118 (67.0) | 182 (80.5) | 149 (81.4) | 1.90 | 0.169 | 4.23 | 0.040 | ||||||||
| Lesion location | 0.47 | 0.789 | 0.39 | 0.824 | ||||||||||||
| Right hemisphere | 116 (47.2)a | 77 (47.2)b | 88 (41.9)c | 64 (37.9)d | ||||||||||||
| Left hemisphere | 100 (40.7)a | 66 (40.5)b | 93 (44.3)c | 81 (47.9)d | ||||||||||||
| Other* | 30 (12.2)a | 20 (12.3)b | 29 (13.8)c | 24 (14.2)d | ||||||||||||
| Cognition impaired (MMSE < 24) | 19 (7.0) | 10 (5.7) | 35 (15.5) | 25 (13.7) | 8.20 | 0.004 | 5.45 | 0.020 | ||||||||
| Antidepressant medication (yes) | 59 (21.7)e | 26 (16.5)f | 24 (10.6) | 14 (7.7) | 3.58 | 0.058 | 5.44 | 0.020 | ||||||||
| Depressive disorder (yes) | 94 (34.4) | 53 (30.1) | – | 32 (17.5) | – | – | 7.23 | 0.007 | ||||||||
| M | SD | Range | M | SD | Range | M | SD | Range | M | SD | Range | t | p | t | p | |
| Age (years) | 63.9 | 10.9 | 42–92 | 64.2 | 10.5 | 42–90 | 70.8 | 12.8 | 24–97 | 70.0 | 12.5 | 24–93 | −6.29 | < 0.001 | −4.72 | < 0.001 |
| Education (years) | 11.3 | 3.1 | 8–18 | 11.5 | 3.1 | 8–18 | 13.8 | 3.6 | 6–23 | 13.9 | 3.6 | 6–22 | −8.20 | < 0.001 | −6.89 | < 0.001 |
| MMSE | 27.8 | 2.6 | 15–30 | 28.0 | 2.5 | 17–30 | 26.3 | 2.8 | 18–30 | 26.6 | 2.7 | 18–30 | 6.11 | < 0.001 | 5.18 | < 0.001 |
| mNIHSS | 3.6 | 3.2 | 0–18 | 3.6 | 3.3 | 0–18 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 0–27 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 0–13 | 4.04 | < 0.001 | 4.42 | < 0.001 |
| Barthel Index | 86.8 | 18.3 | 25–100 | 87.6 | 18.5 | 25–100 | 74.1 | 28.4 | 0–100 | 80.2 | 23.9 | 5–100 | 5.72 | < 0.001 | 3.29 | 0.001 |
| ΔBarthel Index | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 13.7 | 21.6 | −30 to 85 | – | – | – | – |
| F-SozU1 | 4.3 | 0.7 | 1.2–5 | – | – | – | 4.4 | 0.6 | 2.07–5 | 4.4 | 0.6 | 2–5 | −2.39 | 0.017 | −2.11 | 0.035 |
| ΔF-SozU | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | −0.9 | 0.5 | −2 to 2.1 | – | – | – | – |
| Depressive symptoms (GDS-15/PHQ-9)2 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 0–15 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 0–15 | 5.6 | 4.6 | 0–27 | 5.6 | 4.8 | 0–27 | −5.00 | < 0.001 | −5.49 | < 0.001 |
Berlin PSD: FsozU-K22; PoStDAM: FsozU-K14; for comparability between the 14 and 22-item version, total mean scores divided by the number of items were compared [cf. Fydrich et al. (40)].
Berlin PSD: GDS-15; PoStDAM: PHQ-9.
Bonferroni-adjusted significance level of p = 0.0038 was used. Significant p-values are marked as bold.
Data of n = 246,
n = 163,
n = 210,
n = 169,
n = 272,
n = 158 participants available.
Bilateral and/or subcortical location.
F-SozU, Social Support Questionnaire; GDS-15, Geriatric Depression Scale-15; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; mNIHSS, modified National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PoStDAM, Post-Stroke Depression: Early Assessment for improved Management; PSD, post-stroke depression.