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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Feb 27.
Published in final edited form as: Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2022 Apr 11;242:113969. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.113969

Table 4.

VOC metabolite results (µg/g creatinine) for the training fire participants, stratified by participant type.

Analyte Firefighter Type Collection Period N (N of non-detects) Mean Median Min-Max P-value General PopulationA (Non-Smoker/ Smoker)
 Biological Exposure indices (BEI)B
Median 95th Percentile
3HPMA  Firefighter Student Pre 36 (0) 172 146 92.7 – 403 0.011 C 175 / 508 835 / 2,579 Not Available
3 hr 36 (0) 342 211 96.3 – 1660
 Instructor Pre 12 (0) 231 168 97.7 – 764 0.052
3 hr 12 (0) 439 322 179 – 1230
MUCA  Firefighter Student Pre 36 (7) 74.0 34.0 8.03 – 499 0.015 D Not Available Not Available 500
3 hr 36 (11) 42.8 28.6 14.9 – 222
 Instructor Pre 12 (3) 28.7 27.4 13.6 – 49.9 0.038 C
3 hr 12 (1) 186 74.2 29.9 – 750
PhMA  Firefighter Student Pre 36 (33) 0.03 0.01 0.00 – 0.38 0.121 Not Available Not Available 25
3 hr 36 (31) 0.05 0.01 0.00 – 0.44
 Instructor Pre 12 (11) 0.02 0.01 0.00 – 0.16 0.016 C
3 hr 12 (4) 0.22 0.24 0.01 – 0.51
MADA  Firefighter Student Pre 35 (0) 141 134 48.7 – 259 <0.001 C 116 / 182 299 / 600 400,000
3 hr 36 (0) 244 227 124 – 549
 Instructor Pre 12 (0) 114 97.2 51.2 – 178 <0.001 C
3 hr 12 (0) 393 356 188 – 873
BzMA  Firefighter Student Pre 36 (1) 9.02 5.85 1.26 – 36.3 0.634 6.32 / 6.06 38.9 / 33.1 Not Available
3 hr 36 (0) 9.68 8.65 0.77 – 28.7
 Instructor Pre 12 (0) 5.47 5.01 2.38 – 10.3 0.080
3 hr 12 (0) 20.6 9.31 4.32 – 94.6
3MHA+
4MHA		  Firefighter Student Pre 36 (0) 100 77.4 54.0 – 293 0.002 C 149 / 488 872 / 2,026 1,500,000
3 hr 36 (0) 133 104 69.1 – 298
 Instructor Pre 12 (0) 117 89.5 60.7 – 377 0.619
3 hr 12 (0) 131 121 59.4 – 271
2MHA  Firefighter Student Pre 36 (8) 21.2 19.0 5.50 – 69.9 0.106 26.4 / 68.5 141 / 354 1,500,000
3 hr 36 (8) 26.7 18.9 9.33 – 92.7
 Instructor Pre 12 (0) 23.8 15.8 4.43 – 101 0.227
3 hr 12 (0) 33.7 31.9 14.7 – 63.5
4HBeMA  Firefighter Student Pre 36 (1) 6.65 6.24 1.52 – 13.7 0.008 D 4.02 / 15.5 14.9 / 87.9 Not Available
3 hr 36 (2) 5.25 4.40 1.61 – 13.5
 Instructor Pre 12 (0) 5.22 5.16 2.68 – 7.74 0.292
3 hr 12 (0) 4.62 4.66 1.81 – 7.35
A.

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (2018). 2013–2014 data documentation, codebook, and frequencies. Volatile Organic Compounds & Metabolites - Urine (UVOC_H). Available at https://wwwn.cdc.gov/Nchs/Nhanes/2013-2014/UVOC_H.htm.

B.

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) (2021). “2021 TLVs and BEIs with 9th Edition Documentation”. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH.

C.

3-hr post-fire mean concentrations were significantly higher than pre-fire mean concentrations.

D.

3-hr post-fire mean concentrations were significantly lower than pre-fire mean concentrations.