Table 2.

Association between BM recurrence after resection and clinicopathological characteristics or CAF marker expression.

Variables		Frequency of recurrence	Univariate	Multivariate
			P-value	HR	95% CI	P-value
General characteristics
Age (yrs)	< 60	59.4% (19/32)	0.027			0.398
	≥ 60	31.0% (9/29)
Sex	Female	54.2% (13/24)	0.297			0.502
	Male	40.5% (15/37)
CT or RT prior to BM	Absent	27.3% (6/22)	0.028			0.425
	Present	56.4% (22/39)
Other metastasis#	Absent	53.1% (17/32)	0.821			0.582
	Present	50.0% (11/22)
KPS	≥ 90	47.8% (22/46)	0.597			0.791
	< 90	40.0% (6/15)
Symptoms	None to minimal	51.7% (15/29)	0.385			0.648
	Moderate to severe	40.6% (13/32)
BM characteristics
Detection time of BM	Metachronous	50.0% (24/48)	0.217			NA*
	Synchronous	30.8% (4/13)
Number of BM	Single	42.9% (18/42)	0.478			0.891
	Multiple	52.6% (10/19)
Size in diameter	< 3cm	26.3% (5/19)	0.039			0.998
	≥ 3cm	54.8% (23/42)
Location	Supratentotial	43.1% (22/51)	0.328			0.471
	Infratentorial	60.0% (6/10)
Resection	GTR	40.7% (22/54)	0.025			0.330
	non-GTR	85.7% (6/7)
Adjuvant RT	Yes	8.0% (2/25)	<0.001	0.028	0.005-0.168	<0.001
	No	72.2% (26/36)
CAF markers expression
PDGFR-β	Low	21.7% (5/23)	0.003			0.651
	High	60.5% (23/38)
α-SMA	Low	18.8% (3/16)	0.011	0.116	0.020-0.673	0.016
	High	55.6% (25/45)
Collagen I	Low	33.3% (4/12)	0.330			0.730
	High	49.0% (24/49)
FSP1/S100A4	Low	42.9% (6/14)	0.795			0.607
	High	46.8% (22/47)
FAP-α	Low	48.1% (13/27)	0.754			0.519
	High	44.1% (15/34)
Twist1	Low	37.5% (12/32)	0.167			0.732
	High	55.2% (16/29)

CAF, cancer-associated fibroblast; CT, chemotherapy; RT, radiation therapy; BM, brain metastasis; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; KPS, Karnofsky performance score; GTR, gross total resection; NA^*, excluded in multivariate analysis due to collinearity with CT or RT prior to BM; #, in 54 patients performed systemic evaluation of cancer status at BM detection.