Table 1.

List of representative nanocarrier platforms for TACE therapy of HCC

Material category	Examples of nanoplatform	Applications	Material advantage	Refs.
Liposome	PEGy-lated liposomal; nano flexible liposomes; RLBNs	Drug-carrier; embolic agent	Decrease in systemic toxicity of free drug; improve delivery to tumor tissue; prolonging drug circulation and delaying its release	[47–49]
SPION	SPIO; USPIO; SPION@PDA	MRI contrast; drug-carrier; embolic agent; PTT	Improve the detection of viable tumors; improve drug loading capacity; reduce systemic toxicity; sustained drug release; synergistic enhancement of PTT and chemotherapy; prevent drug resistance	[50–54]
Metal oxide NPs	Iron Oxide; ZrO2; Fe3O4; As2O3; ATONP	MRI contrast; drug-carrier; embolic agent	Improve the detection of viable tumors; improve drug delivery and enhanced its antitumor efficacy; sustained drug release; ferroptosis amplify the antitumor efficacy	[55–61]
Metal NPs	Tantalum NPs; Gold nanospheres	Drug-carrier; X-ray contrast; embolic agents; PTT	Real-time imaging; long-term non-invasive re-examination; synergistic enhancement of PTT and TACE therapy	[62, 63]
HAP	HAP; poly-L-lysine-modified HAP nanoplex	Embolic agent; gene vector	Combined gene therapy, embolic therapy, and nanotherapy at the tumor site; prevent resistance of chemotherapies	[64, 65]
Polymeric NPs	PLGA	Drug-carrier; embolic agent	Biodegradable; sustained drug release; stabilized lipiodol emulsion	[66, 67]
Polymer gel	SELPs; hydrogels	Liquid embolic agent; X-ray contrast agent; drug-carrier	Enhanced embolization capacity; facilitate permeation of tumor vasculature; pH response; resist revascularization; imaging; prolong drug retention	[23, 68–70]

MSN mesoporous silica nanoparticles, PEG polyethylene glycol, RLBNs reversed lipidbased nanoparticles, SPION superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, MHT magnetic hyperthermal, ATONP arsenic trioxide nanoparticle prodrug, PLGA polylactic-co-glycolic acid, HAP hydroxyapatite nanoparticles, SELPs silk-elastinlike protein polymers