Table 2.

Detection methods of oncoproteins of HPV-HR-types in different cancers

Cancer type	Oncoprotein or Genome	Method	Authors	Year	Description	References
Colorectal & Anal	HPV16 E6	nested-PCR immunohistochemistry	Chen et al.	2012	Virus detection & examination of E6 in colorectal tumors	[130]
Gastric	HPV16 E6	PCR	Ding et al.	2010	Virus detection	[131]
Liver	HPV18 E6, E7	RT-PCR	Tianzhong Ma et al.	2012	Hep G2 cell line contains integrated HPV 18 DNA, leading to the expression of the E6 and E7 oncogenic proteins	[69]
Esophageal	HPV16,18 E6/E7	RNA in-situ hybridization	Rajendra et al.	2017	E6/E7 mRNA transcript analysis	[76]
Cervical	E7	E7 Western blot Immunohistochemistry	Shin MK et al.	2009	p21(Cip1) functions as a tumor suppressor in cervical carcinogenesis and that p21(Cip1) inactivation by HPV-16 E7 partially contributes to the contribution of E7 to cervical carcinogenesis	[40]
Urinary bladder	HPV16,18 E7	Immunohistochemistry	Glenn et al.	2017	Evaluation of HPV E7 oncoproteins expression	[132]
Oral	Different type of HPV	In situ hybridization	Lima et al.	2022	E6 does not bond to P53 due to P53 mutation Increased P16 as a result of E7-mediated Rb suppression	[105]
Oropharyngeal	HPV16 E2	PCR and Real time-PCR	Anayannis et al.	2018	E2 gene is associated with higher HPV viral load, higher viral oncogene expression, and improved clinical outcomes	[11]
Hypopharyngeal	Genome	PCR In situ hybridization	Shi et al.	2022	–	[121]
Laryngeal	HPV16,18 E6/E7	Real time-PCR	Yang et al.	2019	Prove the virus’s presence and tumorigenesis	[126]