TABLE 4.
Adjusted odds ratio estimates for the association between potential risk factors and bilateral cataracts, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 2000–2011
| Total cases (n
= 117) |
Isolated with/without IED
(n = 91) |
Isolated without IED
(n = 75) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Controls (n = 10,076) n (%) | Cases n (%)a | aOR (95% CI) | Cases n (%)a | aORb (95% CI) | Cases n (%)a | aORb (95% CI) |
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 5173 (51) | 59 (50) | Ref | 46 (51) | Ref | 37 (49) | Ref |
| Female | 4891 (49) | 58 (50) | 1.12 (0.75–1.67) | 45 (49) | 1.13 (0.72–1.79) | 38 (51) | 1.25 (0.76–2.06) |
| Plurality | |||||||
| Singleton | 9758 (97) | 114 (97) | — | 89 (98) | — | 73 (97) | — |
| Multiple | 293 (3) | 3 (3) | — | 2 (2) | — | 2 (3) | — |
| Season of conception | |||||||
| Spring | 2440 (24) | 31 (27) | 1.02 (0.59–1.77) | 28 (31) | 1.35 (0.72–2.52) | 21 (28) | 1.27 (0.63–2.55) |
| Summer | 2547 (25) | 19 (16) | 0.62 (0.34–1.15) | 15 (16) | 0.77 (0.38–1.55) | 14 (19) | 0.86 (0.40–1.82) |
| Autumn | 2601 (26) | 33 (28) | 0.97 (0.56–1.66) | 24 (26) | 1.07 (0.56–2.03) | 22 (29) | 1.16 (0.58–2.31) |
| Winter | 2488 (25) | 34 (29) | Ref | 24 (26) | Ref | 18 (24) | Ref |
| Race/ethnicity | |||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 5726 (56.9) | 62 (53) | Ref | 48 (53) | Ref | 40 (53) | Ref |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1101 (10.9) | 19 (16) | 1.35 (0.73–2.50) | 16 (18) | 1.49 (0.76–2.90) | 13 (17) | 1.59 (0.77–3.27) |
| Hispanic | 2546 (25.3) | 30 (26) | 0.94 (0.44–2.01) | 22 (24) | 0.77 (0.32–1.88) | 17 (23) | 0.84 (0.32–2.19) |
| Other | 696 (6.9) | 6 (5) | 0.59 (0.22–1.57) | 5 (5) | 0.59 (0.20–1.78) | 5 (7) | 0.68 (0.22–2.08) |
| Education | |||||||
| <12 years | 1633 (17) | 27 (24) | 2.08 (1.13–3.82) | 22 (26) | 2.39 (1.20–4.78) | 15 (21) | 1.95 (0.90–4.21) |
| 12 years | 2277 (23) | 25 (23) | 1.05 (0.60–1.84) | 18 (21) | 1.14 (0.61–2.15) | 16 (23) | 1.14 (0.58–2.24) |
| >12 years | 5848 (60) | 59 (53) | Ref | 46 (53) | Ref | 40 (56) | Ref |
| Nativity | |||||||
| Foreign-born | 2088 (21) | 31 (28) | 1.92 (1.04–3.52) | 23 (27) | 1.97 (0.98–3.96) | 19 (27) | 2.10 (1.01–4.39) |
| U.S.-born | 7678 (79) | 80 (72) | Ref | 63 (73) | Ref | 52 (73) | Ref |
| Parityc | |||||||
| 0 | 3911 (39) | 52 (44) | 1.21 (0.78–1.88) | 40 (44) | 1.22 (0.74–2.02) | 34 (45) | 1.26 (0.74–2.16) |
| ≥1 | 6120 (61) | 65 (56) | Ref | 51 (56) | Ref | 41 (55) | Ref |
| Pregestational body mass index | |||||||
| <25 kg/m2 | 5540 (58) | 56 (49) | Ref | 44 (49) | Ref | 38 (51) | Ref |
| ≥25 kg/m2 | 4046 (42) | 59 (51) | 1.42 (0.94–2.15) | 46 (51) | 1.38 (0.87–2.21) | 37 (49) | 1.20 (0.73–2.00) |
| Feverd | |||||||
| Periconceptional | 1535 (17) | 25 (23) | 0.98 (0.46–2.08) | 18 (22) | 1.00 (0.42–2.39) | 16 (23) | 1.25 (0.52–3.02) |
| Second/third trimester | 1630 (18) | 15 (14) | 0.79 (0.35–1.80) | 12 (15) | 0.79 (0.31–2.00) | 9 (13) | 0.89 (0.33–2.36) |
| None | 6001 (65) | 67 (63) | Ref | 52 (63) | Ref | 44 (64) | Ref |
| KBUTId | |||||||
| Periconceptional | 751 (8) | 16 (14) | 2.25 (0.95–5.37) | 12 (13) | 2.12 (0.78–5.77) | 10 (14) | 1.75 (0.62–4.94) |
| Second/third trimester | 1084 (11) | 11 (10) | 1.20 (0.47–3.05) | 9 (10) | 1.22 (0.42–3.52) | 6 (8) | 1.00 (0.32–3.16) |
| None | 8064 (81) | 88 (77) | Ref | 68 (76) | Ref | 58 (78) | Ref |
| Vasoactive medication used | |||||||
| Periconceptional | 3191 (33) | 44 (40) | 1.45 (0.93–2.26) | 32 (37) | 1.24 (0.75–2.05) | 23 (32) | 1.03 (0.59–1.79) |
| Second/third trimester | 704 (7) | 10 (9) | 1.74 (0.87–3.48) | 7 (8) | 1.43 (0.63–3.24) | 6 (8) | 1.35 (0.56–3.24) |
| None | 5865 (60) | 57 (51) | Ref | 48 (55) | Ref | 43 (60) | Ref |
| Folic acid-containing supplement usee | |||||||
| No | 4646 (47) | 50 (44) | Ref | 37 (41) | Ref | 30 (40) | Ref |
| Yes | 5288 (53) | 65 (57) | 0.77 (0.50–1.20) | 53 (59) | 0.64 (0.39–1.06) | 45 (60) | 0.60 (0.34–1.04) |
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | aORb (95% CI) |
Mean (SD) | aORb (95% CI) |
Mean (SD) | aORb (95% CI) |
|
| Maternal age (years) | 27.7 (6.0) | 27.9 (6.1) | 1.01 (0.97–1.05) | 27.8 (6.4) | 1.01 (0.97–1.06) | 27.9 (6.5) | 1.01 (0.96–1.06) |
Bold font indicates a statistically significant association.
Abbreviations: aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; IED, ipsilateral eye defect; KBUTI, kidney, bladder, or urinary tract infection; SD, standard deviation; U.S., United States.
Numbers vary because of missing information. Percentages might not sum to 100 because of rounding.
Each exposure was adjusted for all other exposures (sex, plurality, season of conception, race/ethnicity, education, nativity, parity, pregestational body mass index, fever, KBUTI, vasoactive medication use, folic acid-containing supplement use, maternal age at delivery, and study site) included in the multivariable model.
Number of previous live births or stillbirths.
One month prior through the third month of pregnancy. Second and third trimester exposure category excludes cases with periconceptional exposure.
One month prior through the first month of pregnancy.