Table 1.
Demographic and clinical parameters.
| Patients with Covid-19 (n = 40) | Survivors (n = 23) | Non-survivors (n = 17) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 58 ± 11.8 | 57 ± 12.2 | 60 ± 11.3 | 0.379 |
| Female | 18 (45.0) | 11 (47.8) | 7 (41.1) | 0.676 |
| Ethnicity | 0.497 | |||
| White | 32 (80.0) | 19 (82.6) | 13 (76.5) | |
| Black | 1 (2.5) | 1 (4.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Other | 7 (17.5) | 3 (13.0) | 4 (23.5) | |
| Physical examination at admission | ||||
| SBP, mmHg | 133 ± 15.9 | 135 ± 12.6 | 130 ± 19.6 | 0.361 |
| DBP, mmHg | 73 ± 9.4 | 75 ± 8.3 | 70 ± 10.2 | 0.081 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 89 ± 14.4 | 87 ± 13.6 | 91 ± 15.6 | 0.412 |
| Oxygen saturation, % | 95 ± 2.8 | 95 ± 2.9 | 96 ± 2.6 | 0.322 |
| Respiratory rate, breaths/min | 24 ± 3.7 | 23 ± 3.4 | 25 ± 3.9 | 0.123 |
| Temperature, °C | 37 ± 0.4 | 37 ± 0.4 | 37 ± 0.5 | 0.419 |
| Symptoms at admission | ||||
| Fever | 29 (72.5) | 17 (73.9) | 12 (70.6) | 0.816 |
| Fatigue | 26 (65.0) | 15 (65.2) | 11 (64.7) | 0.973 |
| Cough | 34 (85.0) | 20 (87.0) | 14 (82.4) | 0.687 |
| Anorexia | 7 (17.5) | 3 (13.0) | 4 (23.5) | 0.388 |
| Myalgia | 12 (30.0) | 10 (43.5) | 2 (11.8) | 0.030 |
| Dyspnea | 35 (87.5) | 21 (91.3) | 14 (82.4) | 0.397 |
| Sputum | 2 (5.0) | 1 (4.3) | 1 (5.9) | 0.826 |
| Diarrhea | 4 (10.0) | 1 (4.3) | 3 (17.6) | 0.166 |
| Medical history | ||||
| Arterial Hypertension | 20 (50.0) | 11 (47.8) | 9 (52.9) | 0.749 |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 11 (27.5) | 7 (30.4) | 4 (23.5) | 0.629 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 1 (2.5) | 1 (4.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.384 |
| Heart Failure | 2 (5.0) | 1 (4.3) | 1 (5.9) | 0.826 |
| Prior acute coronary syndrome | 2 (5.0) | 2 (8.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0.212 |
| Prior Ischemic Stroke | 2 (5.0) | 1 (4.3) | 1 (5.9) | 0.826 |
| COPD | 2 (5.0) | 1 (4.3) | 1 (5.9) | 0.826 |
| Current Smoker | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | na |
| Former Smoker | 8 (20.0) | 3 (13.0) | 5 (29.4) | 0.201 |
| Obesity | 22 (55.0) | 11 (47.8) | 11 (64.7) | 0.289 |
| Dyslipidemia | 8 (20.0) | 5 (21.7) | 3 (17.6) | 0.749 |
| HIV | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | n/a |
| Prior tuberculosis | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | n/a |
| Medications in use | ||||
| Steroids | 24 (60.0) | 7 (30.4) | 17 (100.0) | 0.001 |
| Statins | 8 (20.0) | 5 (21.7) | 3 (17.6) | 0.749 |
| ARB | 15 (37.5) | 7 (30.4) | 8 (47.1) | 0.283 |
| ACEi | 4 (10.0) | 3 (13.0) | 1 (5.9) | 0.455 |
| Beta-blockers | 6 (15.0) | 4 (17.4) | 2 (11.8) | 0.622 |
| Diuretic | 5 (12.5) | 2 (8.7) | 3 (17.6) | 0.397 |
| Metformin | 8 (20.0) | 6 (26.1) | 2 (11.8) | 0.096 |
| Insulin | 4 (10.0) | 1 (4.3) | 3 (17.6) | 0.166 |
| Biochemical analysis | ||||
| RT-PCR Covid-19 | 40 (100.0) | 23 (100.0) | 17 (100.0) | n/a |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 13 ± 1.4 | 13 ± 1.3 | 13 ± 1.5 | 0.514 |
| White cell count, per thousand | 9 (6.69) | 8 (6.02) | 13.37 (7.55) | 0.001 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.86 (0.63) | 0.78 (0.28) | 1.18 (1.02) | 0.211 |
| ALT, U/L | 64 (26) | 69 (84) | 48 (26) | 0.229 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/dL | 129 (155) | 111 (140) | 143 (116) | 0.122 |
| Dimer D (ng/dl) | 1631 (3007) | 1189 (2583) | 2811 (1867) | 0.714 |
| Clinical outcomes | ||||
| Clinical deterioration | 21 (52.5) | 4 (17.4) | 17 (100.0) | 0.001 |
| Intubation | 24 (60.0) | 7 (30.4) | 17 (100.0) | 0.001 |
| Death | 17 (42.5) | 0 (0.0) | 17 (100.0) | 0.001 |
| Pulmonary embolism | 3 (7.5) | 2 (8.7) | 1 (5.9) | 0.738 |
| RRT | 11 (27.5) | 1 (4.3) | 10 (58.8) | 0.001 |
| Time to outcome, days | ||||
| Time of symptoms until admission | 10 (4.5) | 10 (5.0) | 10 (2.5) | 0.745 |
| Clinical deterioration | 1 (0.0) | 2 (8.8) | 1 (0.0) | 0.237 |
| Discharge | 8 (13.0) | 8 (13.0) | n/a | n/a |
| Death | 14 (12.0) | n/a | 14 (12.0) | n/a |
| Pulmonary embolism | 14 6.4) | 15 (1.4) | 4 (0.0) | 0.667 |
| RRT initiation | 9 (9.0) | 6 (0.0) | 10 (9.8) | 0.727 |
| Days on RRT | 9 (13.0) | 10 (0.0) | 8 (15.0) | 0.727 |
Continuous data are reported as mean ± standard deviation or median (IQR). Categorical data are n (%). All were applied to the total number of individuals (n = 40). SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; CPOD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; RT-PCR, real-time polymerase chain reaction; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; RRT, renal replacement therapy.