Table 2.
Overview of DCE-MRI studies in subjects with the AD continuum.
| Study | Subjects: sample size/age/diagnosis | Image acquisition parameters | Pharmacokinetic model | Ktrans (× 10−3 min−1) | Main findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wang et al. (2011) | 11/74 ± 7/MCI | Philips, 1.5 T, GRE, axial, 8 mm thickness | Signal enhancement ratio | NA | The first reported DCE-MRI study in MCI. BBB leakage is increased in MCI |
| Starr et al. (2009) | 15/73.7/AD | GE, 1.5 T, FSPGR, axial, 3 mm thickness, 30 min | Signal enhancement ratio | NA | The first reported DCE-MRI study in AD. Temporal signal intensity pattern differed |
| Anderson et al. (2011) | 1/71/early AD | Siemens, 7 T, TurboFLASH, axial | Two-compartment exchange model | NA | BBB water regulation is disturbed in AD and results in abnormal BBB permeability |
| Montagne et al. (2015) | 20/55–85/MCI | GE, 3 T, FSPGR coronal, voxel size = 0.625 × 0.625 × 5 mm3, 16 min | Patlak model | 1.49 ± 0.31 (SFG) | BBB permeability contributes to cognitive impairment in aging and MCI |
| 1.27 ± 0.25 (ITG) | |||||
| 2.30 ± 0.36 (WM) | |||||
| van de Haar et al. (2016a) | 16/59–85/early AD | Philips, 3 T, Dual-time SRGRE, axial, voxel size = 1 × 1 × 5 mm3, 25 min | Patlak model | 0.089 ± 0.112 (GM) | BBB permeability is associated with cognitive decline in patients with early AD |
| 0.066 ± 0.044 (WM) | |||||
| van de Haar et al. (2016b) | 16/65–85/early AD | Philips, 3 T, Dual-time SRGRE, axial, voxel size = 1 × 1 × 5 mm3, 25 min | Patlak model | 0.27 ± 0.14 (GM) | BBB permeability is increased in early AD patients, which is linked to reduced CBF |
| van de Haar et al. (2017) | 16/73.6 ±7.9/early AD | Philips, 3 T, Dual-time SRGRE, axial, voxel size = 1 × 1 × 5 mm3, 25 min | Patlak model | 0.104 ± 0.124 (GM) | BBB permeability is higher in patients with early AD |
| 0.075 ± 0.046 (WM) | |||||
| Montagne et al. (2019) | 12/75/MCI | GE, 3 T, FSPGR | Patlak model | NA | BBB permeability is increased in MCI |
| coronal, voxel size = 0.625 × 0.625 × 5 mm3, 16 min | |||||
| Nation et al. (2019) | 20/73/MCI | GE, 3 T, FSPGR | Patlak model | 1.35 (GM) | BBB permeability is increased in MCI, independent of Aβ and tau pathology |
| coronal, voxel size = 0.625 × 0.625 × 5 mm3, 16 min | 2.39 (WM) | ||||
| Freeze et al. (2020) | 34/71.6 ± 6.7/AD | Philips, 3 T, Dual-time SRGRE, axial, voxel size = 1 × 1 × 2 mm3, 25 min | Patlak model | 7.4 × 10−4 (GM) | BBB permeability is related to CSVD severity in AD patients |
| 8.1 × 10−4 (WM) | |||||
| Montagne et al. (2020) | 39/72/MCI | Philips or Siemens, 3 T, VIBE with variable flip angle, coronal, voxel size = 0.55 × 0.55 × 5 mm3, 16 min | Patlak model | 1.42 (GM) | BBB permeability is increased in APOE4 carriers |
| 2.13 (WM) | |||||
| Li et al. (2021) | 26/71.04 ± 8.99/MCI | Siemens, 3 T, SPGR with variable flip angle, axial, voxel size = 1.2 × 1.2 × 3 mm3 | Patlak model | 0.157 ± 0.07 (GM) | BBB permeability is increased in patients with vascular cognitive impairment |
| 0.031 ± 0.014 (WM) | |||||
| Choi et al. (2022) | 147/76 ± 8/AD | Siemens, 3 T, GRE, coronal, voxel size = 1.25 × 1.25 × 3 mm3 | Patlak model | 0.37 (Choroid Plexus) | BBB permeability is inversely correlated with the volume of choroid plexus |
Aβ, β-amyloid; AD, Alzheimer’s disease; APOE4, apolipoprotein E ɛ4; BBB, blood–brain barrier; CSVD, cerebral small vessel disease; DCE-MRI, dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging; FLASH, fast low-angle shot; FSPGR, fast spoiled gradient-echo; IFG, inferior frontal gyrus; GM, gray matter; GRE, gradient echo; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; NA, not applicable; SFG, superior frontal gyrus; SPGR, spoiled gradient; SRGRE, saturation recovery gradient echo; VIBE, volumetric interpolated breath-hold; WM, white matter.