Table 1.
Infant and Mother Characteristics According to Maternal Race/Ethnicity and Primary Language Group
| Characteristics | All subjects N = 652 | NHW |
NHB |
Hispanic |
p a | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| English N = 348 | English N = 143 | Non-English N = 27 | English N = 90 | Non-English N = 44 | |||||||||
| Infant characteristics | |||||||||||||
| Birthweight, grams, mean (SD) | 1109.6 | 292 | 1131.1 | 289.8 | 1068.9 | 308.8 | 996.1 | 282.2 | 1098.4 | 271.3 | 1165 | 272.8 | 0.03 |
| Gestational age, week, mean (SD) | 28.8 | 2.7 | 28.9 | 2.6 | 28.5 | 2.8 | 29.3 | 2.7 | 28.8 | 2.9 | 28.8 | 2.5 | 0.53 |
| Birthweight for gestational age z score, mean (SD) | −0.5 | 1.1 | −0.5 | 1.0 | −0.5 | 1.3 | −1.1 | 0.9 | −0.6 | 1.0 | −0.3 | 1.1 | 0.03 |
| Discharge weight for gestational age z score, mean (SD) | −0.9 | 1.8 | −1.0 | 1.1 | −0.9 | 1.3 | −1.5 | 1.8 | −0.7 | 3.6 | −1.1 | 1.3 | 0.37 |
| Weight z change from birth to initial disposition, mean (SD) | −0.4 | 1.5 | −0.5 | 0.7 | −0.4 | 0.7 | −0.4 | 1.5 | −0.1 | 3.5 | −0.8 | 0.9 | 0.24 |
| Female sex, n (%) | 338 | 51.8 | 186 | 53.5 | 72 | 50.4 | 18 | 66.7 | 43 | 47.8 | 19 | 43.2 | 0.67 |
| Multiple gestation, n (%) | 187 | 28.7 | 106 | 30.5 | 34 | 23.8 | 13 | 48.2 | 22 | 24.4 | 12 | 27.3 | 0.09 |
| Initial disposition transfer (vs home), n (%) | 231 | 35.4 | 132 | 37.9 | 40 | 28.0 | 14 | 51.9 | 29 | 32.2 | 16 | 36.4 | 0.09 |
| Length of stay, d, mean (SD) | 44.4 | 4.4 | 44.9 | 4.4 | 44.7 | 4.7 | 42.2 | 3.6 | 43.4 | 3.8 | 43.6 | 4.0 | 0.004 |
| Mother's milk provision at specific time points, n (%) | |||||||||||||
| Day 7 any mother's milk | 501 | 82.7 | 275 | 84.1 | 101 | 77.7 | 19 | 86.4 | 69 | 82.1 | 37 | 86.1 | 0.51 |
| Day 7 exclusive mother's milk | 375 | 61.9 | 219 | 67.0 | 75 | 57.7 | 11 | 50.0 | 50 | 59.5 | 22 | 51.2 | 0.048 |
| Day 28 any mother's milk | 401 | 79.4 | 222 | 85.1 | 89 | 73.6 | 13 | 76.5 | 49 | 68.1 | 23 | 67.6 | 0.04 |
| Day 28 exclusive mother's milk | 321 | 63.6 | 189 | 72.4 | 66 | 54.6 | 9 | 52.9 | 41 | 56.9 | 18 | 52.9 | 0.001 |
| Discharge/transfer any mother's milk | 393 | 61.7 | 255 | 74.2 | 60 | 44.1 | 14 | 53.8 | 52 | 58.4 | 17 | 39.5 | <0.001 |
| Discharge/transfer exclusive mother's milk | 290 | 45.5 | 193 | 56.1 | 41 | 30.2 | 8 | 30.8 | 38 | 42.7 | 15 | 35.7 | <0.001 |
| Hospital support practices, n (%) | |||||||||||||
| Prenatal consultation with education on human milk benefitsb | 206 | 76.3 | 91 | 71.1 | 55 | 75.3 | 11 | 68.8 | 30 | 88.2 | 15 | 83.3 | 0.05 |
| First milk expression within 6 hours | 321 | 60.7 | 186 | 66.4 | 71 | 56.8 | 6 | 30.0 | 37 | 52.1 | 21 | 63.6 | 0.005 |
| First lactation visit within 24 hours | 213 | 70.1 | 109 | 74.2 | 56 | 65.1 | 14 | 73.7 | 21 | 67.7 | 13 | 61.9 | 0.55 |
| Any skin-to-skin with the mother on day 7, 14, 21, or 28 | 293 | 44.9 | 174 | 50.0 | 58 | 40.6 | 14 | 51.6 | 41 | 45.6 | 13 | 29.5 | <0.001 |
a
ANOVA was used for continuous variables and the chi-squared test was used for categorical variables.
b
The denominator for prenatal consultation with education regarding human milk benefits is the 270 VLBW infants whose mothers received prenatal consultation. Bold indicates p < 0.5.
ANOVA, analysis of variance; NHB, non-Hispanic Black; NHW, non-Hispanic White; SD, standard deviation; VLBW, very-low-birthweight.