FIGURE 1.

PPARα signaling was induced in the NASH progression. (A) Intestinal PPARA mRNA in biopsies from obese and nonobese humans (n = 7) and correlation analysis of intestinal PPARA mRNA expression with BMI and serum ALT levels (n = 14). (B) Jejunum mRNA levels of Ppara and its target genes in 2‐week and 15‐week HFD‐fed mice (n = 6) and intestinal nuclear PPARα protein from mice fed a HFD for 2 or 15 weeks or a HFCFD for 21 weeks. (C) Intestinal luciferase activities in 1‐week or 10‐week HFD‐fed mouse PPARα‐expressing PPRE‐Luc mice or 1‐week HFD‐fed PPARA‐humanized or Ppara ^−/− PPRE‐Luc mice (n = 4–5). (D) Representative luminofluorescence imaging of mouse, tissues, and quantitation of intestinal luminofluorescence of 3‐week HFD‐fed mice (n = 5). (E) qPCR analyses of fatty acids‐treated intestinal organoids isolated from PPARA‐humanized mice (n = 6). BSA‐FA, bovine serum albumin (BSA)‐conjugated fatty acids (0.4 mM of palmitic acid plus 0.8 mM of oleic acid). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 compared with control. ^# p < 0.05 compared with HFD‐fed PPARA‐humanized mice