Table 3.
Multivariable-adjusted odds ratios and 95% CIs for metabolic components according to daily servings of coffee (by gender).
| Variable | Non-coffee consumer (reference) | Total coffee | Black-coffee | Instant-coffee | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ≤ 1 Serving/day | > 1 Serving/day | P | ≤ 1 Serving/day | > 1 Serving/day | P | ≤ 1 Serving/day | > 1 Serving/day | P | |||||||||
| Men | |||||||||||||||||
| n | 475 | 232 | 93 | 70 | 47 | 49 | 17 | ||||||||||
| Elevated TG | 1 | 0.876 (0.545, 1.408) | 0.486 (0.213, 1.108) | 0.103 | 0.400 (0.152, 1.053) | 0.348 (0.103, 1.174) | 0.021 | 1.012 (0.443, 2.312) | 0 (0, Inf) | 0.240 | |||||||
| Reduced HDL-C | 1 | 1.032 (0.743, 1.435) | 1.071 (0.678, 1.693) | 0.751 | 0.770 (0.448, 1.323) | 1.025 (0.551, 1.908) | 0.731 | 1.588 (0.869, 2.901) | 1.728 (0.650, 4.594) | 0.084 | |||||||
| Elevated BP | 1 | 1.004 (0.704, 1.431) | 1.182 (0.716, 1.953) | 0.593 | 1.144 (0.638, 2.054) | 1.637 (0.793, 3.378) | 0.180 | 0.609 (0.323, 1.148) | 0.777 (0.274, 2.208) | 0.204 | |||||||
| Elevated FBG | 1 | 3.928 (2.726, 5.659) | 4.112 (2.537, 6.666) | <0.001 | 4.937 (2.863, 8.513) | 3.835 (2.009, 7.319) | <0.001 | 3.658 (1.925, 6.951) | 3.651 (1.329, 10.031) | <0.001 | |||||||
| Women | |||||||||||||||||
| n | 549 | 231 | 139 | 80 | 63 | 57 | 23 | ||||||||||
| Elevated TG | 1 | 0.873 (0.543, 1.404) | 1.044 (0.610, 1.786) | 0.958 | 1.490 (0.793, 2.799) | 0.917 (0.425, 1.980) | 0.767 | 0.753 (0.305, 1.856) | 0.603 (0.135, 2.698) | 0.380 | |||||||
| Reduced HDL-C | 1 | 0.895 (0.652, 1.228) | 0.934 (0.636, 1.371) | 0.587 | 0.860 (0.526, 1.406) | 1.061 (0.622, 1.812) | 0.958 | 0.922 (0.526, 1.617) | 0.886 (0.373, 2.102) | 0.704 | |||||||
| Elevated BP | 1 | 0.839 (0.601, 1.171) | 0.553 (0.372, 0.821) | 0.004 | 0.602 (0.366, 0.992) | 0.516 (0.296, 0.898) | 0.005 | 1.134 (0.614, 2.092) | 0.276 (0.112, 0.680) | 0.037 | |||||||
| Elevated FBG | 1 | 3.316 (2.376, 4.627) | 3.798 (2.555, 5.647) | <0.001 | 2.964 (1.807, 4.863) | 3.109 (1.799, 5.371) | <0.001 | 3.077 (1.745, 5.425) | 3.514 (1.503, 8.218) | <0.001 | |||||||
aP values across increasing categories of coffee consumption were tested by assigning the median of each category and as a continuous variable in the logistic regression model after adjusting for BMI, education level, alcohol status, Physical activity.