. 2023 Feb 27:1–21. Online ahead of print. doi: 10.1007/s41686-023-00074-8

Table 4.

Competency levels for the revised criterion of argumentation based on sources as evidence

Criterion	1	2	3	4
Argumentation in support of the claim, based on sources	No arguments derived from the sources are used to support the position taken	The position taken is supported only to a limited extent by arguments derived from sources: • One or more arguments are mentioned • But: the argument(s) are not used as such/are not explicitly put forward in support of the position taken (e.g., only descriptive)	The position taken is mostly supported by arguments derived from sources: • One or more arguments are mentioned • But: only some of the arguments are explicitly put forward in support of the position taken	The position taken is fully supported by arguments derived from sources • Multiple arguments are mentioned • And: arguments are explicitly put forward in support of the position taken
Quality of the argumentation in support of the claim	No arguments, derived from the sources, are used to support the position taken	The argumentation derived from the sources is incorrect: One or more arguments are mentioned, but none of the arguments are correct	The argumentation derived from the sources is partially correct: At least one correct argument is mentioned	The argumentation derived from the sources is correct: At least two correct arguments are mentioned
Use of sources in support of the claim	The position taken is not supported by concrete sources Or sources are referred to only in a general way (e.g. “based on the sources I argue that…”)	The position taken is supported only to a limited extent by concrete sources • Only one concrete sources is used in support of the position taken • Other sources are not referred to concretely or not mentioned at all.	The position taken is mostly supported by concrete sources: • Multiple sources are mentioned explicitly in support of the position taken • But: not all sources are referred to concretely (it is not always clear which source is referred to) or sources are not put forward in support of the position taken	The position taken is fully supported by concrete sources Multiple sources are mentioned explicitly in support of the position taken

Criterion

Argumentation in support of the claim, based on sources

No arguments derived from the sources are used to support the position taken

The position taken is supported only to a limited extent by arguments derived from sources:

• One or more arguments are mentioned

• But: the argument(s) are not used as such/are not explicitly put forward in support of the position taken (e.g., only descriptive)

The position taken is mostly supported by arguments derived from sources:

• One or more arguments are mentioned

• But: only some of the arguments are explicitly put forward in support of the position taken

The position taken is fully supported by arguments derived from sources

• Multiple arguments are mentioned

• And: arguments are explicitly put forward in support of the position taken

Quality of the argumentation in support of the claim

No arguments, derived from the sources, are used to support the position taken

The argumentation derived from the sources is incorrect:

One or more arguments are mentioned, but none of the arguments are correct

The argumentation derived from the sources is partially correct:

At least one correct argument is mentioned

The argumentation derived from the sources is correct:

At least two correct arguments are mentioned

Use of sources in support of the claim

The position taken is not supported by concrete sources

Or sources are referred to only in a general way (e.g. “based on the sources I argue that…”)

The position taken is supported only to a limited extent by concrete sources

• Only one concrete sources is used in support of the position taken

• Other sources are not referred to concretely or not mentioned at all.

The position taken is mostly supported by concrete sources:

• Multiple sources are mentioned explicitly in support of the position taken

• But: not all sources are referred to concretely (it is not always clear which source is referred to) or sources are not put forward in support of the position taken

The position taken is fully supported by concrete sources

Multiple sources are mentioned explicitly in support of the position taken