Table 2.
Measures of maternal dataset including maternal variables during Phase 1 as well as selected potential confounders.
| Measure | Description |
|---|---|
| Socioeconomic status | Socioeconomic status as measured by the Geneva Sociodemographic Questionnaire (GSQ) [23] |
| Sex of the child | Question part of the GSQ |
| Dissociation (Hopkins) | Dissociate Symptoms as measured by the Hopkins dissociative symptoms checklist [49], Cronbach’s alpha: between 0.85 and 0.90 [49] |
| BPSAQ | Yes or no, did the participant experience traumatic events during adulthood. This was used along with the TLEQ [50] |
| BPSAQ PA | Yes or no, did the participant experience physical abuse during childhood. This was used along with the TLEQ [50] |
| BPSAQ SA | Yes or no, did the participant experience sexual abuse during childhood. This was used along with the TLEQ [50] |
| CAPS | Lifetime symptoms of interpersonal violence-related PTSD symptoms using the clinician-administered PTSD Scale [57, 58], Cronbach’s alpha: 0.97 [58] |
| PCL-S | Symptoms of interpersonal violence-related PTSD symptoms in the last 6 months using the PTSD check-list short form [60], Cronbach’s alpha: 0.94 [61] |
| Alexithymia: difficulty identifying feelings | Symptoms of alexithymia, subscale trouble with identification of feelings, as measured with the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20; [62]). Cronbach’s alpha: 0.81, test–retest reliability: 0.77 [63] |
| Alexithymia: difficulty describing feelings | Symptoms of alexithymia, subscale trouble with description of feelings, as measured with the TAS-20. Cronbach’s alpha: 0.81, test–retest reliability: 0.77 [63] |
| Alexithymia: externally-oriented thinking | Symptoms of alexithymia, subscale externally oriented thinking, as measured with the TAS-20. Cronbach’s alpha: 0.81, test–retest reliability: 0.77 [63] |
| PSI subscale Parent–Child Dysfunctional interaction | Subscale of the Parenting stress index short form [47]. Measures degree to which parent perceives child as not meeting expectations / rendering role of parent difficult. Subscale Cronbach’s alpha: 0.79 [48] |
| PSI subscale Difficult Child | Subscale of the Parenting stress index short form [47]. Measures degree parent perceives child as difficult to manage. Subscale Cronbach’s alpha: 0.79 [48] |
| PSI subscale Parental Distress | Subscale of the Parenting stress index short form [47]. Measures stress as a function directly related to parenting. Subscale Cronbach’s alpha: 0.81 [48] |
| Child exposure to violence at Phase 1 | Maternally reported questionnaire [51] on violence experienced or witnessed by the child, scored with importance of relationship with perpetrator and frequency included |
| Depression | Current symptoms of depression as measured with the Becks Depression Inventory [52]. Cronbach’s alpha: 0.94 [53] |
| Narrative coding: Parental Reflective Functioning | Coding of the Working Model of the Child Interview, [54–56] Measures parents’ capacity to recognize mental states in oneself and one’s child and to appropriately relate them to each other’s behavior |
| CARE-Index video coding: Maternal Sensitive behavior | Coding of mother–child interaction following Crittenden [59]. Measures maternal tendency to sense and react appropriately to child’s needs. Intra-class correlation (ICC) for the CARE-Index general: r = 0.925, p < 0.001. Coder agreement regarding the attachment-related classifications: c2 = 24.167, p = 0.004; kappa = 0.841 |
| CARE-Index video coding: Maternal Controlling Behavior | Coding of mother–child interaction following Crittenden [59]. Measures maternal tendency to behave intrusively with the child. Intra-class correlation (ICC) for the CARE-Index general: r = 0.925, p < 0.001. Coder agreement regarding the attachment-related classifications: c2 = 24.167, p = 0.004; kappa = 0.841 |
| CARE-Index video coding: Maternal unresponsive behavior | Coding of mother–child interaction following Crittenden [59]. Measures maternal tendency to be avoidant or withdrawn in interactions with the child. Intra-class correlation (ICC) for the CARE-Index in general: r = 0.925, p < 0.001. Coder agreement regarding the attachment-related classifications: c2 = 24.167, p = 0.004; kappa = 0.841 |
| Parental drug/alcohol use disorder | Yes / No Has a parent of the child had a substance use disorder during the life of the child |
Abbreviations: BPSAQ, brief physical and sexual abuse questionnaire; CAPS, clinician-administered PTSD scale; GSQ, Geneva sociodemographic questionnaire; PA, physical abuse; PCL-S, posttraumatic stress disorder checklist scale; PSI, parenting stress index; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder; SA, sexual abuse; TAS-20, Toronto Alexithymia scale.