TABLE 2.
Event Characteristics
| Event Characteristic | Survival to hospital discharge |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall (n = 413) |
No (n = 171) |
Yes (n = 242) |
p a | |
|
| ||||
| Location of CPR event | ||||
| PICU | 134 (32.4%) | 68 (39.8%) | 66 (27.3%) | 0.010b |
| Cardiac ICU | 279 (67.6%) | 103 (60.2%) | 176 (72.7%) | |
| Interventions in place prior to event | ||||
| Central venous catheter | 357 (86.4%) | 156 (91.2%) | 201 (83.1%) | 0.019b |
| Vasoactive infusion | 301 (72.9%) | 144 (84.2%) | 157 (64.9%) | < 0.001b |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 343 (83.1%) | 157 (91.8%) | 186 (76.9%) | < 0.001b |
| Noninvasive ventilation | 37 (9.0%) | 11 (6.4%) | 26 (10.7%) | 0.162b |
| Immediate cause(s) of event | ||||
| Arrhythmia | 68 (16.5%) | 24 (14.0%) | 44 (18.2%) | 0.284b |
| Cyanosis without respiratory decompensation | 17 (4.1%) | 6 (3.5%) | 11 (4.5%) | 0.802b |
| Hypotension | 291 (70.5%) | 137 (80.1%) | 154 (63.6%) | < 0.001b |
| Respiratory decompensation | 183 (44.3%) | 63 (36.8%) | 120 (49.6%) | 0.012b |
| CPR timec | ||||
| Weekday | 232 (56.2%) | 96 (56.1%) | 136 (56.2%) | 0.770b |
| Weeknight | 83 (20.1%) | 32 (18.7%) | 51 (21.1%) | |
| Weekend | 98 (23.7%) | 43 (25.1%) | 55 (22.7%) | |
| First documented rhythm at time of CPR | ||||
| Pulseless electrical activity/asystole | 160 (38.7%) | 75 (43.9%) | 85 (35.1%) | 0.068b |
| Ventricular fibrillation/tachycardia | 34 (8.2%) | 9 (5.3%) | 25 (10.3%) | |
| Bradycardia with poor perfusion | 219 (53.0%) | 87 (50.9%) | 132 (54.5%) | |
| Duration of CPR (minutes) | 7 (3–23) | 19 (4–44) | 5 (2–12) | < 0.0014 |
| Duration of CPR (min) | ||||
| < 6 | 182 (44.1%) | 50 (29.2%) | 132 (54.5%) | < 0.001b |
| 6–15 | 86 (20.8%) | 28 (16.4%) | 58 (24.0%) | |
| 16–35 | 65 (15.7%) | 34 (19.9%) | 31 (12.8%) | |
| > 35 | 80 (19.4%) | 59 (34.5%) | 21 (8.7%) | |
| Epinephrine during CPR | 357 (86.4%) | 159 (93.0%) | 198 (81.8%) | 0.001b |
| Minutes to first dose | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 0.616d |
| Number of doses | 2 (1–5) | 4 (2–8) | 2 (1–3) | < 0.001d |
| Average interval between dosese | 4.5 (3.3–7.4) | 4.5 (3.3–7.5) | 4.5 (3.1–7.0) | 0.765d |
| Calcium | 194 (47.0%) | 101 (59.1%) | 93 (38.4%) | < 0.001b |
| Sodium bicarbonate | 217 (52.5%) | 118 (69.0%) | 99 (40.9%) | < 0.001b |
CPR = cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
a
p for comparison of survivors to hospital discharge vs those not surviving.
b
Fisher exact test.
c
Weekday is between 7 am and 11 pm Monday to Friday; weeknight is after 11 pm Monday to Thursday; weekend is 11 pm Friday to 7 am Monday.
d
Wilcoxon rank-sum test.
e
Average interval between epinephrine doses is only calculated on subjects with at least two doses of epinephrine.