Table 1.

Study characteristics.

Author (year)	Purpose	Study design	Key findings
Allen et al. (2021) [35]	COVID-19 Vaccination Determines factors that affect COVID-19 vaccine uptake among women across racial/ethnic communities.	Cross-sectional	Chinese and non-Latina White women had a greater likelihood of intent to receive the COVID-19 vaccine relative to other racial groups. Participants who were unemployed, were uninsured, or had decreased financial income or education levels were more likely to have decreased COVID-19 vaccination intentions.
Brandt et al. (2021) [36]	COVID-19 Vaccination Understands impediments and facilitators that influence youth COVID-19 vaccination uptake.	Cross-sectional	Asian American youth had a decreased probability of declining COVID-19 vaccination compared to White and Black youth participants. Common COVID-19 vaccination hesitation concerns included safety, potential for side effects, and general vaccine efficacy against COVID-19.
Dorman et al. (2021) [43]	COVID-19 Vaccination Identifies attributes correlated with COVID-19 vaccination willingness levels.	Cross-sectional	Asian Americans had greater COVID-19 vaccination willingness levels relative to other racial groups. Higher education levels and older age were correlated with greater COVID-19 vaccination willingness.
Ghaffari-Rafi et al. (2021) [42]	COVID-19 Vaccination Determines factors correlated with COVID-19 vaccination hesitation for patients with neurological disorders.	Cross-sectional	Body mass index (BMI) and insurance were both found to be statistically significant in predicting Asians American COVID-19 vaccination acceptance. A positive depression screen was correlated with decreased COVID-19 vaccination acceptance for Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander Americans. Female Asian Americans and White participants were found to have COVID-19 vaccination safety concerns, including how vaccination could interact with other medical conditions.
Hagan et al. (2021) [40]	COVID-19 Vaccination Assesses COVID-19 vaccine distribution and acceptance differences among staff and incarcerated individuals in the Federal Bureau of Prisons.	Cross-sectional	Incarcerated Asian Americans and non-Hispanic Black Americans had reduced COVID-19 vaccination acceptance relative to other racial groups.
Kuter et al. (2021) [37]	COVID-19 Vaccination Understands COVID-19 vaccine perceptions among health-care workers (HCWs).	Cross-sectional	Asian and White HCWs had greater COVID-19 vaccination intention rates compared to other ethnic groups. COVID-19 vaccination hesitation concerns included newness of the COVID-19 vaccination and potential side effects.
Lang et al. (2021) [38]	COVID-19 Vaccination Evaluates COVID-19 vaccine initiation and completion rates in the active component in the United States military population.	Retrospective cohort	Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders had the greatest COVID-19 vaccination initiation rates relative to other racial groups. COVID-19 vaccination initiation increased with age, level of education, and higher rank.
Malik et al. (2020) [31]	COVID-19 Vaccination Identifies factors that influence COVID-19 vaccine acceptance, risk perception, and trust in COVID-19-related information in the United States adult population.	Cross-sectional	Asian Americans were more likely to report higher COVID-19 vaccine acceptance compared to other racial groups. Male gender, older age, and greater education levels were correlated with greater COVID-19 vaccination acceptance.
Momplaisir et al. (2021) [39]	COVID-19 Vaccination Determines racial and ethnic differences in COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among HCWs.	Cross-sectional	Asian American and other minority HCWs reported greater vaccine hesitancy compared to White HCWs. Commonly cited vaccination concerns included side effects, novelty of vaccine, and a dearth of COVID-19 vaccination knowledge.
Niño et al. (2021) [30]	COVID-19 Vaccination Assesses COVID-19 vaccination intentions over an extended period of time and across racial groups.	Retrospective cohort	Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders were found to have greater COVID-19 vaccination intention rates relative to other participants.
Parente et al. (2021) [44]	COVID-19 Vaccination Identifies factors that influence COVID-19 vaccination acceptance among health-care personnel.	Cross-sectional	Greater COVID-19 vaccination acceptance was associated with increased education levels, male gender, prior influenza vaccination, and increased COVID-19 concern levels. Common concerns cited for COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy included cost, general efficacy, and vaccine safety.
Park et al. (2021) [41]	COVID-19 Vaccination Assesses COVID-19 vaccination concerns across Asian American and Pacific Islander subethnic groups.	Cross-sectional	Asian American subethnic group identity was associated with COVID-19 vaccination concern levels. COVID-19 vaccine side effects and overall safety were cited as common vaccination concerns.
Park et al. (2021) [32]	COVID-19 Vaccination Examines COVID-19 vaccination willingness levels in Asian American and Pacific Islander populations.	Cross-sectional	COVID-19 vaccination willingness levels were associated with gender, sexual orientation, and age. Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders had decreased COVID-19 vaccination willingness levels relative to Asian Americans. Vaccine willingness varied by subgroups within the Asian American and Pacific Islander populations.
Shaw et al. (2021) [33]	COVID-19 Vaccination Understands COVID-19 vaccination willingness and concerns among health-care personnel.	Cross-sectional	Asian American and White HCWs had a greater probability of becoming vaccinated against COVID-19 relative to other participant groups. Older age and male gender were associated with greater COVID-19 vaccine intention.
Sutton et al. (2021) [34]	COVID-19 Vaccination Assesses COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in pregnant, breastfeeding, and nonpregnant women populations.	Cross-sectional	Asian American respondents had the greatest COVID-19 vaccination acceptance rates compared to other racial and ethnic groups.
Bailey et al. (2020) [18]	COVID-19 Testing Describes COVID-19 testing and infection rates among pediatric patients.	Retrospective cohort	Asian Americans had a decreased probability of obtaining a COVID-19 test compared to White participants.
Ferguson et al. (2021) [19]	COVID-19 Testing Assesses the relationship between COVID-19 testing rates and demographic factors in a military veteran population.	Retrospective cohort	Asian Americans veterans were less likely to obtain a COVID-19 test compared to White veterans. Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islanders did not have greater COVID-19 testing rates relative to White veterans.
Quach et al. (2021) [20]	COVID-19 Testing & Practices Understand the Asian American COVID-19 experience, including healthcare and social challenges faced.	Cross-sectional	Asian Americans had low COVID-19 testing rates and reported inability to locate testing sites. Asian Americans had high-risk avoidant behavior rates, such as avoiding public spaces.
Stockman et al. (2021) [49]	COVID-19 Testing & Practices Identify racial and ethnic disparities of COVID-19 outcome prevalence, stressors, fear, and preventive behaviors among U.S. adult women.	Cross-sectional	Racial and ethnic minority women had a decreased likelihood of COVID-19 testing site awareness. Asian, Native Hawaiian, or other Pacific Islander women had a greater probability of engaging in preventative behaviors such as self-isolation when ill and handwashing with soap.
Chua et al. (2020) [45]	COVID-19 Practices Identify factors correlated with parent/guardian COVID-19 schooling plans.	Cross-sectional	Asian American and Black families had decreased intentions of selecting in-person learning compared to online forms of schooling during COVID-19.
Cohen et al. (2021) [46]	COVID-19 Practices Examine factors correlated with mask-wearing adherence and physical distancing.	Direct Observation Cross-sectional	Asian Americans were more likely to correctly wear masks relative to White participants. Female gender, older age, and living in high population density locations were associated with greater correct mask-wearing behaviors.
Hearne et al. (2020) [47]	COVID-19 Practices Evaluate the impact of race, ethnicity, and gender on mask-wearing rates.	Cross-sectional	Asian American participants had a greater likelihood of mask-wearing relative to White participants.
Jelliffe et al. (2021) [48]	COVID-19 Practices Assess U.S. sick leave awareness and utilization, as well as demographical predictors of sick leave usage.	Cross-sectional	Asian Americans were more likely to have awareness of and utilize paid sick leave.
Alobuia et al. (2020) [50]	COVID-19 Knowledge Evaluates differences in COVID-19 knowledge, attitude, and practice levels across racial groups.	Cross-sectional	Less than half of Asian American participants were reported to have high COVID-19 knowledge scores. Increased education and income levels were associated with greater COVID-19 knowledge scores.
Jones et al. (2020) [51]	COVID-19 Knowledge Describes the variation of COVID-19 symptoms, knowledge, and beliefs across racial and ethnic groups.	Cross-sectional	Asian Americans had a decreased likelihood of answering COVID-19 questions correctly relative to White participants.
O’Shea et al. (2021) [52]	COVID-19 Knowledge Assesses the impact of demographic factors on COVID-19 expert trust levels.	Cross-sectional	Asian Americans were found to have greater trust toward ordinary citizens than COVID-19 experts for coronavirus-related policy decisions.
Dennis et al. (2020) [57]	COVID-19 Telemedicine Adoption Evaluates participant response after viewing COVID-19 screening chatbots.	Experimental	Asian Americans perceived COVID-19 screening chatbots agents as having greater benevolence and ability relative to White participants.
Eberly et al. (2020) [56]	COVID-19 Telemedicine Adoption Determines telemedicine and video utilization disparities during COVID-19.	Retrospective cohort	Asian American patients were less likely to use telemedicine visits compared to White patients. Older age, female, and lower income patients had a decreased probability of utilizing video-based telemedicine visits.
Hsiao et al. (2021) [55]	COVID-19 Telemedicine Adoption Examines telemedicine disparities through analyzing COVID-19 patient telemedicine utilization patterns.	Retrospective cross-sectional	Asian American, as well as Black/African American and Hispanic, patients significantly had a decreased likelihood of utilizing telemedicine appointments, including video-based visits. Older, rural, and uninsured or self-pay patients were less likely to have video-based telemedicine visits.
Meno et al. (2021) [54]	COVID-19 Telemedicine Adoption Describes telemedicine perceptions of Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander cancer patients.	Cross-sectional	Asian American, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander participants had a decreased likelihood of wanting future telemedicine appointments compared to White participants.
Wong et al. (2021) [53]	COVID-19 Telemedicine Adoption Identifies factors that influence seizure clinic patient perceptions of telemedicine care.	Retrospective and prospective cohort	Native Hawaiian patients were more likely to be seen in-person compared to White patients who had greater telemedicine utilization.
Yuan et al. (2021) [58]	COVID-19 Telemedicine Adoption Evaluates the impact of shifting toward remote cardiology clinic visits on patient care access, medication prescription, and diagnostic ordering.	Cross-sectional	Asian Americans, as well as Black and Hispanic participant groups, patients had increased utilization of remote clinic visits. Patients with private insurance, as well as patients with cardiovascular comorbidities, were associated with greater virtual clinic visits.