Table 3.
Lists of phytochemicals against RNA viruses causing human diseases.
| RNA type | Name of viruses | Family | Therapeutic phytochemicals | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Positive-sense ssRNA | Dengue virus | Flaviviridae | Flavonoid, alkaloid, phenol, and coumarins | [73, 74] |
| Hepatitis C virus | Flaviviridae | Flavonoid, alkaloid, lignan, terpenes, and terpenoids | [75, 76] | |
| Japanese encephalitis virus | Flaviviridae | Flavonoid | [77] | |
| Zika virus | Flaviviridae | Flavonoid | [78] | |
| Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) | Coronaviridae | Flavonoid (luteolin, curcumin, myricetin, quercetin), anthraquinone (emodin) | [51] | |
| Chikungunya virus | Togaviridae | Flavonoid, terpenes, coumarins, and terpenoids | [73, 76, 79] | |
| Coxsackievirus | Picornaviridae | Flavonoids | [80] | |
| Hepatitis A virus | Picornaviridae | Flavonoids and alkaloids | [81] | |
| Enterovirus | Picornaviridae | Flavonoids | [74] | |
| Human immunodeficiency virus | Retroviridae | Terpenes and terpenoid lignan, and coumarin | [82, 83] | |
|
| ||||
| Negative-sense ssRNA | Respiratory syncytial virus | Paramyxoviridae | Lignan | [84] |
| Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus | Rhabdoviridae | Coumarin | [85] | |
| Influenza virus (H3N2, H5N2, H5N1, H1N1) | Orthomyxoviridae | Flavonoid, alkaloid, lignan, coumarin, terpenes, and terpenoid | [86, 87] | |