Table 4.
Medicinally important plant-derived active compounds used for curing human RNA viral diseases.
| S. no. | Family | Plant name | Active compound | Family of virus | Virus name | Type of viral RNA | Human diseases | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5. | Theaceae | Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze [tea] | Theaflavin | Coronaviridae | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) | Positive-sense ssRNA | Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) | [90] |
| 6. | Acanthaceae | Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees [Kalmegh] | Andrographolide | Togaviridae | Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) | Positive-sense ssRNA | Chikungunya fever | [91] |
| 7. | Ancistrocladaceae | Ancistrocladuskorupensis D.W. Thomas & Gereau | Naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids from root bark | Retroviridae | Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | Positive-sense ssRNA | AIDS | [27] |
| 8. | Berberidaceae | Berbaris amurensis Rupr. [Amur barberry] | Berbamine | Coronaviridae | Respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) | Positive-sense ssRNA | COVID-19 | [66] |
| 9. | Ancistrocladaceae | Ancistrocladus congolensis J, Léonard | Michellamine-type dimeric naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids from root bark | Retroviridae | Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | Positive-sense ssRNA | AIDS | [92] |
| 10. | Fabaceae | Castanospermum australe A.Cunn & C.Fraser ex Hook. [Blackbean] | Castanospermine | Coronaviridae | Respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) | Positive-sense ssRNA | COVID-19 | [67] |
| 11. | Halymeniaceae | Cryptonemiacrenulata (J.Agardh) J.Agardh | Galactan | Flaviviridae | Dengue virus type 2, 3 and 4 (DENV-2, DENV-3, DENV-4) | Positive-sense ssRNA | Dengue (Breakbone fever) | [39] |
| 12. | Apiaceae | Bupleurum sp. | Triterpene glycosides (named Saikosaponins B2) | Coronaviridae | Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-22E9) | Positive-sense ssRNA | Nosocomial respiratory viral infection (NRVI) | [93] |
| 13. | Fabaceae | Tephrosia madrensis Seem. [Hoarypea] | Glabranine and 7-O-methyl-glabranine from leaves and flowers | Flaviviridae | Dengue virus (DENV) | Positive-sense ssRNA | Dengue (Breakbone fever) | [94] |
| 14. | Apiaceae | Heteromorpha sp. | Triterpene glycosides (named Saikosaponins B2) | Coronaviridae | Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-22E9) | Positive-sense ssRNA | Nosocomial respiratory viral infection (NRVI) | [93] |
| 15. | Moraceae | Broussnetiapapyrifera (L.) Vent. [paper mulberry] | Kazinol F, Broussochalcone A from roots | Coronaviridae | Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) | Positive-sense ssRNA | Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome | [69, 70] |
| 16. | Nelumbonaceae | Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. [lotus] | Isoliensinine | Coronaviridae | Respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) | Positive-sense ssRNA | COVID-19 | [95] |
| 17. | Nelumbonaceae | Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. [lotus] | Liensinine | Coronaviridae | Respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) | Positive-sense ssRNA | COVID-19 | [95] |
| 18. | Moraceae | Broussnetiapapyrifera (L.) Vent. [paper mulberry] | 3′-(3-Methylbut-2-enyl)-3′,4,7-trihydroxyflavane from roots | Coronaviridae | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) | Positive-sense ssRNA | Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) | [70] |
| 19. | Polygonaceae | Reynoutria multiflora (Thunb.) Moldenke | Emodin | Coronaviridae | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) | Positive-sense ssRNA | Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) | [51] |
| 20. | Ranunculacea | Thalictrum podocarpum Kunth ex DC. [Meadow-rue] | Hernandezine | Coronaviridae | Respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) | Positive-sense ssRNA | COVID-19 | [96] |
| 21. | Polygonaceae | Rheum officinale L. [Chinese rhubarb] | Emodin | Coronaviridae | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) | Positive-sense ssRNA | Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) | [51] |
| 22. | Zingiberaceae | Curcuma longa L. [turmeric] | Curcumin | Coronaviridae | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) | Positive-sense ssRNA | Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) | [51] |
| 23. | Nelumbonaceae | Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. [lotus] | Neferine | Coronaviridae | Respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) | Positive-sense ssRNA | COVID-19 | [95, 96] |
| 24. | Myricaceae | Myrica faya Ait. [fire tree] | Myricetin | Coronaviridae | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) | Positive-sense ssRNA | Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) | [51] |
| 25. | Meliaceae | Toona sinensis (A.Juss.) M.Roem. [Chinese mahogany] | Quercetin | Coronaviridae | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) | Positive-sense ssRNA | Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) | [51] |
| 26. | Rubiaceae | Cinchona officinalis L. [Lojabark] | Quinacrine | Coronaviridae | Respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) | Positive-sense ssRNA | COVID-19 | [97] |
| 27. | Linaceae | Linum usitatissimum L. [Flax] | Herbacetin | Coronaviridae | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) | Positive-sense ssRNA | Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) | [51, 68] |
| 28. | Lamiaceae | Scutellaria lateriflora L. [blue skullcap] | Scutellarein | Coronaviridae | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) | Positive-sense ssRNA | Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) | [51] |
| 29. | Fabaceae | Pterocarpus santalinus L. f. [red sanders] | Savinin | Coronaviridae | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) | Positive-sense ssRNA | Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) | [51] |
| 30. | Cupressaceae | Chamaecyparis obtusa var. formosana [Taiwan yellow cypress] | Betulonic acid, Savinin, Hinokinin | Coronaviridae | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) | Positive-sense ssRNA | Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) | [51] |
| 31. | Celastraceae | Triterygium regelii Sprag. & Takeda [Regel's threewingnut] | Iguesterin, Tingenone, Pristimerin, Celastrol | Coronaviridae | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) | Positive-sense ssRNA | Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) | [51] |
| 32. | Brassicaceae | Isatisindigotica fortune [Chinese woad] | Sinigrin, Hesperetin | Coronaviridae | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) | Positive-sense ssRNA | Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) | [51] |
| 33. | Amaryllidaceae | Allium sativum L. [garlic] | Allyl trisulfide, allyl disulfide | Coronaviridae | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) | Positive-sense ssRNA | Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) | [51, 98] |
| 34. | Acanthaceae | Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees [Kalmegh] | Andrographolide | Coronaviridae | Respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) | Positive-sense ssRNA | COVID-19 | [88] |
| 35. | Meliaceae | Aglaia sp. | Silvestrol | Coronaviridae | Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) | Positive-sense ssRNA | Nosocomial respiratory viral infection (NRVI) | [70, 99] |
| 36. | Meliaceae | Aglaia sp. | Silvestrol | Coronaviridae | Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) | Positive-sense ssRNA | Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome | [99] |
| 37. | Ranunculaceae | Nigella sativa L. [black cumin] | Dithymoquinone | Coronaviridae | Respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) | Positive-sense ssRNA | COVID-19 | [59] |
| 38. | Solanaceae | Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal [Ashwagandha] | Withanoside V | Coronaviridae | Respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) | Positive-sense ssRNA | COVID-19 | [64] |
| 39. | Solanaceae | Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal [Ashwagandha] | Somniferine | Coronaviridae | Respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) | Positive-sense ssRNA | COVID-19 | [64] |
| 40. | Phyllophoraceae | Gymnogongrusgriffithsiae (Turner) C. Martius | Sulphated polysaccharide (named kappa carrageenan) from whole plants | Flaviviridae | Dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2) | Positive-sense ssRNA | Dengue (Breakbone fever) | [94] |
| 41. | Solanaceae | Atropa belladonna L. [belladonna] | l-hyoscyamine, atropine, Belldonic, Scopoletin (l-methyl aesculetin), hyoscine, and pyridine and N-methyl praline | Filoviridae | Ebola virus | Negative-sense ssRNA | Ebola haemorrhagic fever (Ebola HF) | [100, 101] |
| 42. | Scrophulariaceae | Scrophularia scorodonia L. [Balm-leaved Figwort] | Triterpene glycosides (named Saikosaponins B2) | Coronaviridae | Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-22E9) | Positive-sense ssRNA | Nosocomial respiratory viral infection (NRVI) | [93] |
| 43. | Chordariaceae | CladosiphonokamuranusTokida [Mozuku] | Fucoidan from whole plants | Flaviviridae | Dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2) | Positive-sense ssRNA | Dengue (Breakbone fever) | [94] |
| 44. | Fabaceae | Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit [white leadtree] | Galactomanan from seeds | Flaviviridae | Dengue virus (DENV) | Positive-sense ssRNA | Dengue (Breakbone fever) | [94] |
| 45. | Theaceae | Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze | Epicatechin gallate | Coronaviridae | Respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) | Positive-sense ssRNA | COVID-19 | [65] |
| 46. | Menispermaceae | Tinospora cordifolia (Thunb.) Miers [Gurjo] | Tinocordiside | Coronaviridae | Respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) | Positive-sense ssRNA | COVID-19 | [64] |
| 47. | Fabaceae | Mimosa scabrella Benth. [Bracatinga] | Galactomanan from seeds | Flaviviridae | Dengue virus (DENV) | Positive-sense ssRNA | Dengue (Breakbone fever) | [94] |
| 48. | Celastraceae | Cassine xylocarpa Vent. [Marbletree] | Pentacyclic lupane-type triterpenoids | Retroviridae | Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | Positive-sense ssRNA | AIDS | [9] |
| 49. | Celastraceae | Maytenus cuzcoina Loes. | Pentacyclic lupane-type triterpenoids | Retroviridae | Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | Positive-sense ssRNA | AIDS | [9] |
| 50. | Phyllanthaceae | Phyllanthus emblica L. [Indian gooseberry] | Highly oxygenated norbisabolane sesquiterpenoids (Phyllaemblicins H1-H14) from root | Orthomyxoviridae | Influenza A virus strain H3N2 | Negative-sense ssRNA | Influenza (flu) | [9] |
| 51. | Lamiaceae | Ocimum sanctum L. [Tulsi] | Vicenin | Coronaviridae | Respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) | Positive-sense ssRNA | COVID-19 | [64] |
| 52. | Magnoliaceae | Magnolia officinalis Rehder & Wilson [Houpo magnolia] | Honokiol | Flaviviridae | Dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2) | Positive-sense ssRNA | Dengue (Breakbone fever) | [9] |
| 53. | Lamiaceae | Ocimum sanctum L. [Tulsi] | 4′-O-glucoside 2″-O-p-hydroxybenzoagte | Coronaviridae | Respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) | Positive-sense ssRNA | COVID-19 | [64] |
| 54. | Fabaceae | Tephrosia madrensis Seem. | Methyl-hildgardtol A from leaves and flowers | Flaviviridae | Dengue virus (DENV) | Positive-sense ssRNA | Dengue (Breakbone fever) | [94] |
| 55. | Lamiaceae | Ocimum sanctum L. [Tulsi] | Isorientin | Coronaviridae | Respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) | Positive-sense ssRNA | COVID-19 | [64] |
| 56. | Theaceae | Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze | Gallocatechin-3-gallate | Coronaviridae | Respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) | Positive-sense ssRNA | COVID-19 | [65] |
| 57. | Fabaceae | Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit [White leadtree] | Epicatechin gallate | Flaviviridae | Yellow fever virus | Positive sense ssRNA | Yellow fever | [94] |
| 58. | Papaveraceae | Chelidonium majus L. [greater celandine] | Low-sulfated poly-glycosaminoglycan moiety from freshly prepared crude extract | Retroviridae | Retrovirus (HIV) | ssRNA | AIDS | [27] |
| 59. | Gentianaceae | Swertia bimaculata (Siebold & Zucc.) Hook. f. & Thomson ex C.B. Clarke [double-spotted Swertia] | Sesterterpenoid | Retroviridae | Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | Positive-sense ssRNA | AIDS | [27, 102] |
| 60. | Gentianaceae | Swertia punicea Hemsl. | Xanthone | Retroviridae | Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | Positive-sense ssRNA | AIDS | [27] |
| 61. | Euphorbiaceae | Euphorbia neriifolia L. [Indian Spurge Tree] | Diterpenoids (named eurifoloids E and F) | Retroviridae | Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | Positive-sense ssRNA | AIDS | [27] |
| 62. | Menispermaceae | Stephania tetrandra S. Moore [Fen Fang Ji] | Tetrandrine, Cepharanthine, Fangchinoline | Coronaviridae | Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) | Positive-sense ssRNA | — | [70, 103] |
| 63. | Acanthaceae | Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz [Snake jasmine] | Lawsone methyl ether from leaves | Retroviridae | Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | Positive-sense ssRNA | AIDS | [27] |
| 64. | Lauraceae | Laurus nobilis L. [bay tree] | Beta-ocimene, 1,8-cineole, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene in extracted oil from plant | Coronaviridae | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) | Positive-sense ssRNA | Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) | [51] |
| 65. | Ranunculaceae | Nigella sativa L. [black cumin] | Thymoquinone, nigellimine | Coronaviridae | Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), | Positive-sense ssRNA | Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) | [104] |