Table 3. Characteristics of participants included in each study.
PEG: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, IV: Invasive ventilation, AAC tool: Alternative augmentative communication tool, ALS: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, LiS: Locked-in syndrome
| ID | Author & year of publication | Mean age *Median | Etiology of LiS | Mean time from onset *Median time | Physical status PEG/IV | Caregiver/environment | Communication style: Eye-blink/eye-chat/etc. |
| 1 | Kuzma-Kozakiewicz et al., 2019 [11] | 59 | 19: ALS | 92 months | 17: IV, 18: PEG | 16: Partner, 2: Children 1: Professional | 9: Eye-tracking, 6: Eye-blink 3: Combination 1: Residual verbal |
| 2 | Rousseau et al., 2015 [12] | 47 in 2007, 51 in 2013 | In 2007—51 Stroke, 8: Traumatic, 3: Others; In 2013—31: Stroke, 4: Traumatic, 3: Others | 8 years in 2007, 14 years in 2013 | In 2007—22: IV, 20: PEG; Patients with IV and PEG declined in 2013 | In 2007—20: Institutional, 26: home; In 2013—6: Institutional, 27: Home | 77%: Yes/No code, 58%: Computer communication device in 2007 |
| 3 | Rousseau et al., 2013 [13] | No data | 1: Trauma, Others: Vascular etiologies | No data | No data | No data | No data |
| 4 | Snoeys et al., 2013 [14] | 41.1 | 7: Stroke, 1: Trauma | 6 years 8 months | 0: IV, 6: PEG | 8: Home | 1: verbal, 5: Partly verbal 4: Set of gestures, 7: Head & facial movement, 6: Eye codification |
| 5 | Svernling et al., 2018 [15] | 49 | 7: Ischemic stroke, 3: Hemorrhagic | 5.9 years | IV: No data, 2: PEG | 2: Nursing home, 1: Apartment with society support, 4: Independent, 3: No data | 1: Oral communication, Others: Letter boards/eye-tracking computer device or blinking |
| 6 | Linse et al., 2017 [16] | 54.7 | 11: ALS | 6.5 years (from ALS onset) | 82%: IV, 82%: PEG | 10: Home with 24-hour nursing care | 11: Eye-tracking |
| 7 | Bruno et al., 2011 [17] | 49 | Most due to acute anterior pontine leison | 8 years | No data | 42: Home, 23: Institution | Only data about speech production— None: 45%, Words: 19%, Sentence: 36% |
| 8 | Rousseau et al., 2011 [18] | 56.7 | 27: ALS, 7: LiS (6: vascular, 1:tumoral) | 29 months | 12: IV, 19: PEG | 34: Hospital | No data |
| 9 | Doble et al., 2003 [4] | 33.6 | 48%: Vascular, 34%: trauma, 10: hypotension, 2: Others | >11 years at study end | 7: IV, 19: PEG at initiation, 2: IV, 6: PEG at 11 years after | 8: Live with family, 3: Care facility, 1: State-run school, 1: Hospital with nursing | 4: Computer use, 3:Letter board, 3: Facial movement, 2: Limb movement, 1: Vocalizations |
| 10 | Nizzi et al., 2011 [19] | 53 | No data | No data | No data | All at home | Eye-blink |
| 11 | Bernheim et al., 2019 [20] | no data | No data | No data | No data | No data | No data |
| 12 | Corallo et al., 2017 [10] | 48.65 | 15: hemorrhage | 1 month after onset at T0, 3 months after T0 at T1 | No data | 15: Hospital at T0, 8: Hospital, 7: Own home at T1 | 15: The AAC tool |
| 13 | Wilson et al., 2011 [21] | 29 | Basilar artery thrombosis | >2 years | 1: PEG | 1: Hospital | 1: Letter board |