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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Jan 18.
Published in final edited form as: Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2023 Jan 18;25(3):2098–2109. doi: 10.1039/d2cp04584b

Scheme 1:

Scheme 1:

Illustration of water removal, where red, green, white with two blue lines, white and blue background represent the protein, the ligand, a water molecule, a cavity and the continuum aqueous solution, respectively. A bound water molecule is removed from a protein-ligand complex (1) into bulk solution (3, 4), leaving just an empty cavity with the same shape as that of the water (2).