Fig. 5. Administration of combination l-fuc and anti-PD1 therapy suppresses tumors and increases intratumoral CD4⁺ T central and effector memory cells.

a, Volumetric growth curves for SW1 tumors in C3H/HeN mice (left) and SM1 tumors in C57BL/6 mice (right) fed with or without l-fuc and treated with PBS (control) or anti-PD1 therapy (concurrent initiation of l-fuc with or without anti-PD1 therapy (red triangle)). The tumor growth curves show mean ± s.e.m. per mouse group. For each group, n = 7 mice except PBS with l-fuc and anti-PD1 therapy with l-fuc groups, which each have eight mice. b, Volumetric growth curves for SM1 tumors in C57BL/6 mice fed with or without l-fuc and treated with PBS (control) or anti-PD1 therapy (PD1) (concurrent initiation of l-fuc with or without anti-PD1 therapy (red triangle)). The tumor growth curves show mean ± s.e.m. from ≥7 mice per group. At day 7 (before administration of l-fuc or anti-PD1 therapy, n = 3 mice), day 21 (endpoint for tumors of control-treated mice, n = 5 mice per group), day 31 (endpoint for tumors of l-fuc-treated mice, n = 5 mice per group) and day 63 (endpoint for tumors of anti-PD1-treated mice, n = 5 mice per group), the primary tumors (tumor) and draining lymph nodes of 4–5 mice per treatment group were analyzed by flow cytometry for intratumor levels of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T subpopulations (naive or terminal; stem central, central or effector memory) and DC subpopulations (cDC1, cDC2 and moDC) as in Fig. 2. Proportions of CD4⁺, CD8⁺ and DC subpopulations in each organ at each time point are represented by the color-coded pie charts (each pie chart represents 4–5 mice). Absolute numbers of the subpopulations per 10⁶ cells of tumor or tissue homogenate at each time point are represented in the color-coded column charts. Corresponding raw flow cytometric data for these charts are shown in Supplementary Table 2. Column charts show mean ± s.e.m. from each mouse group.

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