Table 3.
Measurement items related to GSCM practices and Environmental Health.
| Items | Source | |
|---|---|---|
| Green Purchasing | Provides design specifications to suppliers that include environmental requirements for purchased items. | [78] [79] [80] [72] Zhu and Sarkis (2005) [75] [81] [74] |
| Requires your suppliers to develop and maintain an environmental management system (EMS). | [78] [79] [74] |
|
| Requires your suppliers to have a certified EMS such as ISO 14001. | [78] [79] [80] [72] [74] |
|
| Uses a questionnaire to collect information about your suppliers' environmental aspects, activities and/or management systems. | [78] [79] [74] |
|
| Makes sure that your purchased products must contain green attributes such as recycled or reusable items. | [78] [79] [74] |
|
| Makes sure that your purchased products must not contain environmentally undesirable items such as lead or other hazardous or toxic materials. | [78] [79] [81] [74] [75] |
|
| Evaluates your suppliers based on specific environmental criteria. | [78] [79] [72] Zhu and Sarkis (2005) [75] [81] [74] |
|
| Evaluates the environmental aspects of your suppliers. | [78] [79] [74] |
|
| Makes sure that your suppliers meet its environmental objectives. | [78] [79] [80] [72] [74] |
|
| Second-tier supplier environmentally friendly practice evaluation | [80] [72] [75] [81] [74] |
|
| Eco labeling of products | [82] Zhu and Sarkis (2004) |
|
| Environmental audit for suppliers' internal management | Zhu and Sarkis (2007) [75] |
|
| Adopting just-in-timelogisticssystem | [72] Zhu and Sarkis (2005) |
|
| Cooperating with supplier to reduce packaging | [72] Zhu and Sarkis (2005) |
|
| Require supplierstouse environmental packaging (degradable and non-hazardous) | [72] [75] [81] [74] |
|
| Eco Design | Produces products that have reused or recycled materials in their contents such as recycled plastics and glass. | [78] Tritos et al. (2013) [74] [83] |
| Uses life cycle assessment to evaluate the environmental load of your products. | [78] Zhu and Sarkis (2007) [83] [81] [74] |
|
| Produces products that are free from hazardous substances such as lead, mercury, chromium, and cadmium. | [78] [79] [80] [72] [75] [81] [74] |
|
| Produces products that reduce the consumption of materials or energy during use. | [78] [80] [72] [75] [81] [74] |
|
| Makes sure that product's packaging has recyclable contents. | [78] [79] [83] [74] |
|
| Makes sure that product's packaging is reusable. | [78] [83] [74] [75] |
|
| Minimizes the use of materials in product's packaging. | [78] [79] [83] [74] |
|
| Avoids or reduces the use of hazardous materials in product's packaging. | [78] [83] [74] |
|
| Design for remanufacturing (a design that facilitates repair, rework, and refurbishment activities aiming at returning the product to the new and better condition) | [80] | |
| Design for recycling (a design that facilitates disassembly of the waste product, separation of parts according to material, and reprocessing of the material) | [78] [80] [72] [75] [81] [74] |
|
| Design for reuse (a design that facilitates reuse of a product or part of it) | [80] | |
| Design of processes for minimization of waste | [72] Zhu and Sarkis (2005) [75] |
|
| Internal Environmental Management | Commitment of GSCM from senior managers | [80] [72] [81] |
| Support for GSCM from mid-level managers | [80] [72] [81] |
|
| Cross-functional cooperation for environmental improvements | [80] [72] [81] |
|
| Total quality environmental management | [80] [72] [81] |
|
| Environmental compliance and auditing programs | [80] Zhu and Sarkis (2007) |
|
| ISO 14000 certification | [72] [80] |
|
| Eco-labeling of products | [72] [80] Zhu and Sarkis (2005) |
|
| Environmental Management Systems exist (IEM7) | Zhu and Sarkis (2007) Zhu and Sarkis (2004) |
|
| In the past two years, to what extent did your firm engage in the following IEM activities? | Pietro De Giovanni (2010) [84] |
|
| Environmentally friendly raw materials | Pietro De Giovanni (2010) [84] |
|
| Substitution of environmentally questionable materials | Pietro De Giovanni (2010) [84] |
|
| Taking environmental criteria into consideration | Pietro De Giovanni (2010) [84] |
|
| Optimization of processes to reduce air emissions, water use, solid waste, and/or noise | Pietro De Giovanni (2010) Rao (2002) |
|
| Use of cleaner technology process to make savings (IEM5) | Pietro De Giovanni (2010) [84] |
|
| Special training for workers on environmental issues | [72] Zhu and Sarkis (2005) |
|
| Existence of Pollution Prevention Programs | [72] Zhu and Sarkis (2005) |
|
| The internal performance evaluation system incorporates environmental factors | [81] [72] |
|
| Generate environmental reports for internal evaluation | [81] [72] |
|
| Environmental Cooperation | Cooperation with customer for eco-design | [80] [72] [75] [71] [81] |
| Cooperation with customers for cleaner production | [80] [72] [81] [75] |
|
| Cooperation with customers for green packaging | [80] [72] [75] [81] |
|
| Cooperation with customers for using less energy during product transportation | [80] [72] [75] [81] |
|
| Adopting third-party-logistics | [72] Zhu and Sarkis (2004) |
|
| Cooperation with customers for product take back | [72] Zhu and Sarkis (2004) |
|
| Cooperation with customers for reverse logistics relationships | [72] Zhu and Sarkis (2004) |
|
| Developing a mutual understanding of responsibilities regarding environmental performance | [75] [71] |
|
| Working together to reduce environmental impact of our activities | [75] [71] |
|
| Conducting joint planning to anticipate and resolve environmental-related problems | [75] [71] [81] |
|
| Making joint decisions with other supply chain members about ways to reduce overall environmental impact of our products | [75] [81] |
|
| Investment Recovery | Investment recovery (sale) of excess inventories/material | [80] [72] |
| Sale of scrap and used materials | [80] [72] |
|
| Sale of excess capital equipment | [80] [72] |
|
| Collecting and recycling end-of-life products and materials | [72] Zhu and Sarkis (2005) |
|
| Establishing a recycling system for used and defective products | [72] Zhu and Sarkis (2005) |
|
| Reverse Logistics | Collects back used products from customers for recycling, reclamation of materials, or reuse. | [78] Rogers and Tibben-Lembke (2001) [74] |
| Collects back used packaging from customers reuse or recycling. | [78] [74] |
|
| Requires suppliers to collect back their packaging materials. | [78] [74] |
|
| Returns back its products to suppliers for retaining of materials, or remanufacturing. | [78] [74] |
|
| Returns back its packaging to suppliers for reuse and recycling. | [78] [74] |
|
| Returns back the products from customers for safe refill | [78] [74] |
|
| Reuse (the process of collecting used products, and distributing or selling them) | [80] | |
| Remanufacturing (the process of collecting a used product and replacing defective or outdated parts with new or renovated parts) | [80] [81] [75] |
|
| Recycling (the process of collecting, disassembling, separating, and processing used products into recycled products and materials) | [80] | |
| D5. Collects used packaging from customers for recycling | [74] [81] [75] |
|
| Use of remanufacturing | [75] [15] |
|
| Recovery of the company's end-of-life products | [81] [75] |
|
| Environmental Health | Reduction of air emission. | [78] [72] [75] [81] [74] |
| Reduction of solid/liquid wastes | [78] [72] [75] [81] [74] |
|
| Decrease of consumption for hazardous/harmful/toxic materials. | [78] [72] [75] [74] |
|
| Decrease of frequency for environmental accidents. | [78] | |
| Improvement of a firm's environmental situation. | [78] | |
| Reduction of amount of energy used | Pietro De Giovanni, 2010 | |
| Improved compliance to environmental standards | [74] | |
| Reduction in material usage | [74] |