Table 1.

Comparison table of time-resolved biomedical sensors

	IEEE TED’12 [35]	Theranostics’19 [47]	JSSC’12 [56]	JSSC’19 [57]	This work
Pixel array	256 $\times$ 256	36 $\times$ 80	32 $\times$ 32	192 $\times$ 128	36 $\times$ 80
Frame rate	15 fps	137 fps	20 fps	18.6 kfps	105 fps
Array size (mm $\times$ mm)	-	4.9 $\times$ 2.5	4 × 4	3.2 $\times$ 2.4	2.3 $\times$ 4.8
Fill factor	4.6 %	64 %	37 %	13 %	47 %
Excitation wavelength	440 nm	1550 nm (NIR-II)	~ 610 nm	685 nm	any $\lambda$ < 2 µm
Optics used	Filter and lens	None	Filter and lens	None	None
Noise (rms full scale)	-	0.4 %	4.6 %	-	0.36 %