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. 2023 Feb 27;14:984. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-36594-x

Fig. 5. Metabolic reprogramming and enzymatic inhibition in Itaconate-treated Th17- and Treg-polarizing T cells.

Fig. 5

a Intracellular levels of metabolites implicated in TCA cycle, glutaminolysis, and methionine metabolism from Th17- and Treg-polarizing T cells in the presence or absence of itaconate (ITA) after 2 days of culture (n = 3 independent experiments). b Heatmap of glycolytic metabolites from Th17- and Treg-polarizing T cells in the presence or absence of ITA. c Methylation index (SAM/SAH ratio) of Th17- and Treg-polarizing T cells in the presence or absence of ITA (n = 3, each condition). Enzymatic activity of methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) (d) (Th17, n = 3; Treg, n = 4) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)1 and 2 (e) in Th17- and Treg-polarizing T cells with or without ITA (n = 4, each condition). IDH1 (f) and 2 (g) activity were measured in the presence of a variable concentration of ITA. IDH activity was calculated as the ratio of measured data to the average control value. Cumulative data of the differentiation of murine naive CD4+ T cells from Nrf2-knockout mice activated under Th17- (h), and Treg cell conditions (i) in the presence or absence of ITA (n = 4, each condition). P values are calculated using two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test for (a, c–e) and one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc test for (h, i). arb.units, arbitrary unit. Data are representative of mean ± s.e.m. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.