Table 1.
Relevant baseline variables according to the total flavonol intake group.
| Total intake of flavonols (mg/day) | p value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1Q | 2Q | 3Q | 4Q | ||
| <6.815 | 6.815–12.555 | 12.555–22.105 | ≥22.105 | ||
| Baseline sociodemographic, lifestyle, and health-related variables | |||||
| Age, years | 45.37 ± 0.55 | 47.02 ± 0.53 | 47.39 ± 0.50 | 48.08 ± 0.49 | <0.001 |
| Sex, % | <0.0001 | ||||
| Female | 59.89 (57.69, 62.09) | 54.23 (52.26, 56.19) | 52.30 (49.95, 54.66) | 45.92 (43.64, 48.20) | |
| Male | 40.11 (37.91, 42.31) | 45.77 (43.81, 47.74) | 47.70 (45.34, 50.05) | 54.08 (51.80, 56.36) | |
| Race, % | <0.0001 | ||||
| White | 63.97 (59.13, 68.81) | 64.43 (59.97, 68.88) | 66.48 (62.38, 70.59) | 71.73 (67.88, 75.58) | |
| Black | 15.31 (12.30, 18.32) | 12.42 (10.02, 14.82) | 10.66 (8.80, 12.52) | 8.19 (6.86, 9.52) | |
| Mexican | 9.41 (7.01, 11.81) | 9.66 (7.11, 12.20) | 9.48 (7.27, 11.70) | 6.40 (4.58, 8.21) | |
| Other | 11.31 (8.96, 13.66) | 13.49 (11.37, 15.62) | 13.37 (10.62, 16.12) | 13.69 (11.31, 16.06) | |
| Education, % | <0.0001 | ||||
| 1 | 6.89 (5.61, 8.16) | 5.95 (4.85, 7.04) | 4.84 (3.80, 5.89) | 2.86 (2.30, 3.41) | |
| 2 | 14.44 (12.72, 16.17) | 10.64 (9.02, 12.27) | 10.19 (8.53, 11.84) | 8.10 (7.05, 9.15) | |
| 3 | 29.21 (26.65, 31.77) | 25.78 (23.47, 28.08) | 23.04 (21.02, 25.07) | 22.53 (20.06, 24.99) | |
| 4 | 29.76 (27.03, 32.48) | 31.88 (28.97, 34.79) | 29.12 (26.49, 31.76) | 30.03 (27.59, 32.48) | |
| 5 | 19.70 (17.11, 22.29) | 25.75 (22.02, 29.49) | 32.80 (29.45, 36.16) | 36.48 (32.75, 40.22) | |
| Marital status, % | <0.001 | ||||
| 1 | 48.61 (45.58, 51.64) | 54.88 (52.09, 57.68) | 57.93 (54.40, 61.46) | 57.97 (55.00, 60.94) | |
| 2 | 11.26 (9.58, 12.94) | 10.12 (8.69, 11.55) | 8.19 (7.12, 9.25) | 9.93 (8.37, 11.48) | |
| 3 | 2.62 (1.88, 3.37) | 2.90 (2.15, 3.65) | 2.02 (1.47, 2.57) | 2.42 (1.77, 3.06) | |
| 4 | 21.83 (19.32, 24.34) | 19.50 (17.45, 21.55) | 18.08 (15.38, 20.77) | 17.34 (15.54, 19.14) | |
| 5 | 7.07 (5.88, 8.25) | 5.84 (4.80, 6.87) | 6.28 (5.07, 7.49) | 4.26 (3.59, 4.93) | |
| 6 | 8.61 (7.33, 9.89) | 6.76 (5.53, 7.99) | 7.51 (6.29, 8.72) | 8.08 (5.82, 10.35) | |
| PIR | 2.63 ± 0.06 | 2.87 ± 0.06 | 3.13 ± 0.05 | 3.32 ± 0.05 | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 29.57 ± 0.26 | 29.34 ± 0.17 | 29.05 ± 0.18 | 28.72 ± 0.21 | 0.02 |
| Total score of HEI | 46.53 ± 0.37 | 52.94 ± 0.36 | 55.23 ± 0.45 | 57.16 ± 0.56 | <0.0001 |
| DII | 2.57 ± 0.05 | 1.71 ± 0.05 | 1.21 ± 0.06 | 0.65 ± 0.07 | <0.0001 |
| Total time of PA (mins/ week) | 1366.40 ± 57.78 | 1205.75 ± 35.35 | 1224.12 ± 45.59 | 1350.02 ± 55.82 | 0.01 |
| Total MET of PA (/week) | 5,407.67 ± 263.51 | 4,872.56 ± 163.15 | 4,845.24 ± 217.90 | 5,337.79 ± 241.65 | 0.12 |
| Smoking status, % | <0.001 | ||||
| Former | 23.30 (20.91, 25.70) | 22.93 (20.69, 25.18) | 25.86 (22.95, 28.77) | 25.32 (23.21, 27.42) | |
| Never | 52.88 (49.97, 55.80) | 58.84 (55.90, 61.78) | 57.74 (54.56, 60.92) | 56.55 (53.84, 59.26) | |
| Now | 23.81 (20.93, 26.69) | 18.22 (16.18,20.26) | 16.40 (14.28, 18.53) | 18.13 (16.18, 20.09) | |
| Alcohol usage, % | <0.0001 | ||||
| Former | 14.04 (11.69, 16.38) | 12.62 (10.76, 14.49) | 9.45 (7.87, 11.04) | 9.31 (8.04, 10.59) | |
| Heavy | 22.30 (19.63, 24.97) | 20.93 (18.30, 23.55) | 21.93 (19.35, 24.51) | 22.16 (19.85, 24.48) | |
| Mild | 31.69 (28.13, 35.25) | 38.20 (34.81, 41.58) | 40.26 (37.06, 43.47) | 41.44 (39.00, 43.89) | |
| Moderate | 18.60 (16.60, 20.60) | 16.07 (13.96, 18.19) | 18.58 (16.20, 20.96) | 18.80 (16.85, 20.76) | |
| Never | 13.37 (11.75, 14.99) | 12.18 (10.20, 14.16) | 9.77 (8.12, 11.43) | 8.28 (6.77, 9.78) | |
| Disease diagnosis at interview | |||||
| Hyperlipidemia, % | 0.73 | ||||
| No | 31.49 (28.68, 34.31) | 31.08 (28.44, 33.72) | 30.32 (27.11, 33.53) | 32.25 (29.84, 34.65) | |
| Yes | 68.51 (65.69, 71.32) | 68.92 (66.28, 71.56) | 69.68 (66.47, 72.89) | 67.75 (65.35, 70.16) | |
| Cardiovascular diseases, % | 0.03 | ||||
| No | 89.95 (88.22, 91.67) | 90.09 (88.98, 91.21) | 91.59 (90.26, 92.92) | 91.98 (90.87, 93.10) | |
| Yes | 10.05 (8.33, 11.78) | 9.91 (8.79, 11.02) | 8.41 (7.08, 9.74) | 8.02 (6.90, 9.13) | |
| Respiratory system disease, % | 0.14 | ||||
| ACO | 2.73 (2.05, 3.41) | 2.23 (1.54, 2.91) | 1.84 (1.13, 2.56) | 2.00 (1.22, 2.78) | |
| Asthma | 12.66 (10.77, 14.55) | 12.00 (9.84, 14.15) | 11.45 (10.22, 12.68) | 10.64 (9.41, 11.87) | |
| COPD | 2.23 (1.50, 2.96) | 2.96 (2.31, 3.61) | 3.96 (2.81, 5.12) | 3.03 (2.22, 3.83) | |
| No | 82.38 (80.17, 84.58) | 82.82 (80.51, 85.13) | 82.74 (80.53, 84.95) | 84.34 (82.61, 86.06) | |
| Stroke, % | 0.002 | ||||
| No | 95.56 (94.61, 96.50) | 96.09 (95.45, 96.73) | 96.88 (96.08, 97.68) | 97.63 (97.00, 98.26) | |
| Yes | 4.44 (3.50, 5.39) | 3.91 (3.27, 4.55) | 3.12 (2.32, 3.92) | 2.37 (1.74, 3.00) | |
| Cancer | 0.68 | ||||
| No | 90.54 (89.20, 91.89) | 89.69 (88.43, 90.95) | 89.69 (88.34, 91.04) | 90.58 (88.86, 92.30) | |
| Yes | 9.46 (8.11, 10.80) | 10.31 (9.05, 11.57) | 10.31 (8.96, 11.66) | 9.42 (7.70, 11.14) | |
| Hypertension, % | 0.2 | ||||
| No | 61.34 (58.85, 63.82) | 62.86 (59.64, 66.09) | 65.20 (62.74, 67.65) | 62.74 (60.14, 65.34) | |
| Yes | 38.66 (36.18, 41.15) | 37.14 (33.91, 40.36) | 34.80 (32.35, 37.26) | 37.26 (34.66, 39.86) | |
| DM, % | 0.28 | ||||
| No | 77.55 (75.43, 79.67) | 78.62 (76.19, 81.05) | 79.04 (76.88, 81.19) | 80.28 (78.22, 82.35) | |
| Yes | 22.45 (20.33, 24.57) | 21.38 (18.95, 23.81) | 20.96 (18.81, 23.12) | 19.72 (17.65, 21.78) | |
Continuous variables are presented as mean ± standard deviation and categorical variables are presented as percentage (95% confidence intervals, 95% CIs). PIR, poverty income ratio; BMI, body mass index; HEI, Healthy Eating Index 2015 version; DII, dietary inflammatory index; PA, physical activity; MET, metabolic equivalent; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus. In education, less than 9th grade was coded as 1; 9–11th grade (includes 12th grade with no diploma) as 2, high school graduation or equivalent as 3, some college or associates degree as 4, and college graduate or above as 5. For marital status, married was coded as 1, divorced as 2, separated as 3, never married as 4, widowed as 5, and living with partner as 6.