Table 3.
Hazard ratios of mortality by quartiles of flavonoid intake.
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | HR (95%CI) | p for trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total flavonoids (mg/day) | <24.33 | 24.33–64.13 | 64.13–217.64 | ≥ 217.64 | ||
| Case number (n) | 3,508 | 3,507 | 3,507 | 3,507 | ||
| Person-years | 26,243 | 27,338 | 26,263 | 27,922 | ||
| All-cause mortality | ||||||
| model 1 (unadjusted) | 1 | 0.85 (0.68, 1.07) | 0.84 (0.69, 1.02) | 0.76 (0.61, 0.95) | 0.92 (0.86, 0.99) | 0.02 |
| model 2 (adjusted for age and PIR) | 1 | 0.76 (0.63, 0.92) | 0.67 (0.56, 0.79) | 0.71 (0.57, 0.87) | 0.89 (0.83, 0.96) | 0.001 |
| model 3 (multivariate) | 1 | 0.86 (0.69, 1.05) | 0.84 (0.69, 1.02) | 0.82 (0.63, 1.05) | 0.94 (0.87, 1.01) | 0.11 |
| Heart disease mortality | ||||||
| model 1 (unadjusted) | 1 | 0.99 (0.67, 1.45) | 0.84 (0.58, 1.23) | 0.55 (0.34, 0.89) | 0.93 (0.82, 1.06) | 0.30 |
| model 2 (adjusted for age and PIR) | 1 | 0.84 (0.57, 1.23) | 0.75 (0.48, 1.17) | 0.54 (0.32, 0.92) | 0.89 (0.78, 1.01) | 0.07 |
| model 3 (multivariate) | 1 | 0.72 (0.48, 1.08) | 0.88 (0.60, 1.27) | 0.84 (0.51, 1.41) | 0.96 (0.82, 1.12) | 0.60 |
| Cerebrovascular disease mortality | ||||||
| model 1 (unadjusted) | 1 | 0.62 (0.26, 1.46) | 0.99 (0.47, 2.10) | 0.75 (0.34, 1.67) | 0.96 (0.74, 1.23) | 0.72 |
| model 2 (adjusted for age and PIR) | 1 | 0.53 (0.23, 1.21) | 0.70 (0.33, 1.50) | 0.68 (0.32, 1.47) | 0.91 (0.70, 1.19) | 0.51 |
| model 3 (multivariate) | 1 | 0.60 (0.24, 1.46) | 0.94 (0.44, 2.03) | 0.67 (0.32, 1.37) | 0.89 (0.69, 1.16) | 0.39 |
| Total flavones (mg/day) | <0.18 | 0.180–0.505 | 0.505–1.085 | ≥ 1.085 | ||
| Case number (n) | 3,547 | 3,493 | 3,494 | 3,495 | ||
| Person-years | 25,298 | 27,744 | 27,853 | 26,870 | ||
| All-cause mortality | ||||||
| Model 1 (unadjusted) | 1 | 0.84 (0.68, 1.02) | 0.76 (0.64, 0.92) | 0.62 (0.52, 0.74) | 0.86 (0.81, 0.91) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 (adjusted for age and PIR) | 1 | 0.75 (0.62, 0.91) | 0.72 (0.58, 0.90) | 0.64 (0.53, 0.77) | 0.87 (0.82, 0.93) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 (multivariate) | 1 | 0.79 (0.61, 1.01) | 0.82 (0.62, 1.07) | 0.83 (0.66, 1.04) | 0.94 (0.88, 1.02) | 0.12 |
| Heart disease mortality | ||||||
| Model 1 (unadjusted) | 1 | 0.99 (0.67, 1.45) | 0.84 (0.58, 1.23) | 0.55 (0.34, 0.89) | 0.83 (0.73, 0.95) | 0.01 |
| Model 2 (adjusted for age and PIR) | 1 | 0.84 (0.57, 1.23) | 0.75 (0.48, 1.17) | 0.54 (0.32, 0.92) | 0.83 (0.70, 0.97) | 0.02 |
| Model 3 (multivariate) | 1 | 0.85 (0.52, 1.39) | 0.86 (0.51, 1.43) | 0.63 (0.34, 1.15) | 0.89 (0.74, 1.06) | 0.19 |
| Cerebrovascular disease mortality | ||||||
| Model 1 (unadjusted) | 1 | 1.35 (0.63, 2.90) | 0.78 (0.39, 1.58) | 0.66 (0.35, 1.25) | 0.84 (0.70, 0.99) | 0.04 |
| Model 2 (adjusted for age and PIR) | 1 | 1.12 (0.53, 2.37) | 0.70 (0.36, 1.37) | 0.68 (0.34, 1.39) | 0.85 (0.68, 1.05) | 0.13 |
| Model 3 (multivariate) | 1 | 1.10 (0.46, 2.64) | 0.86 (0.46, 1.60) | 0.91 (0.44, 1.89) | 0.92 (0.75, 1.12) | 0.41 |
| Total anthocyanidins (mg/day) | < 0.110 | 0.110–2.020 | 2.020–10.775 | ≥ 10.775 | ||
| Case number (n) | 3,525 | 3,494 | 3,504 | 3,506 | ||
| Person-years | 25,713 | 27,449 | 27,978 | 26,626 | ||
| All-cause mortality | ||||||
| Model 1 (unadjusted) | 1 | 0.92 (0.75, 1.13) | 0.90 (0.74, 1.10) | 0.85 (0.68, 1.07) | 0.95 (0.89, 1.02) | 0.14 |
| Model 2 (adjusted for age and PIR) | 1 | 0.73 (0.61, 0.89) | 0.64 (0.52, 0.78) | 0.59 (0.48, 0.74) | 0.84 (0.78, 0.91) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 (multivariate) | 1 | 0.85 (0.68, 1.06) | 0.77 (0.62, 0.95) | 0.72 (0.54, 0.96) | 0.91 (0.84, 0.99) | 0.03 |
| Heart disease mortality | ||||||
| Model 1 (unadjusted) | 1 | 0.98 (0.62, 1.53) | 0.92 (0.59, 1.45) | 0.91 (0.61, 1.36) | 0.97 (0.86, 1.09) | 0.58 |
| Model 2 (adjusted for age and PIR) | 1 | 0.74 (0.49, 1.13) | 0.60 (0.39, 0.92) | 0.56 (0.36, 0.86) | 0.82 (0.72, 0.94) | 0.01 |
| Model 3 (multivariate) | 1 | 0.87 (0.55, 1.39) | 0.65 (0.40, 1.08) | 0.70 (0.41, 1.18) | 0.90 (0.78, 1.05) | 0.19 |
| Cerebrovascular disease mortality | ||||||
| Model 1 (unadjusted) | 1 | 1.97 (0.81, 4.78) | 1.41 (0.67, 2.94) | 0.83 (0.43, 1.63) | 0.91 (0.78, 1.07) | 0.27 |
| Model 2 (adjusted for age and PIR) | 1 | 1.43 (0.60, 3.38) | 0.86 (0.39, 1.88) | 0.48 (0.23, 0.98) | 0.76 (0.62, 0.93) | 0.01 |
| Model 3 (multivariate) | 1 | 1.28 (0.53, 3.09) | 0.92 (0.42, 2.01) | 0.58 (0.29, 1.13) | 0.85 (0.70, 1.03) | 0.1 |
| Total flavanones (mg/day) | <0.055 | 0.055–0.61 | 0.61–18.95 | ≥ 18.95 | ||
| Case number (n) | 3,513 | 3,516 | 3,493 | 3,507 | ||
| Person-years | 24,704 | 26,457 | 28,640 | 27,965 | ||
| All-cause mortality | ||||||
| Model 1 (unadjusted) | 1 | 0.75 (0.60, 0.95) | 0.74 (0.56, 0.99) | 1.06 (0.85, 1.33) | 1.02 (0.94, 1.11) | 0.61 |
| Model 2 (adjusted for age and PIR) | 1 | 0.75 (0.57, 0.98) | 0.73 (0.55, 0.95) | 0.83 (0.64, 1.07) | 0.95 (0.87, 1.03) | 0.20 |
| Model 3 (multivariate) | 1 | 0.88 (0.65, 1.18) | 0.91 (0.66, 1.24) | 1.06 (0.81, 1.41) | 1.03 (0.94, 1.12) | 0.57 |
| Heart disease mortality | ||||||
| Model 1 (unadjusted) | 1 | 0.63 (0.41, 0.96) | 0.81 (0.48, 1.37) | 0.84 (0.58, 1.20) | 0.97 (0.84, 1.11) | 0.63 |
| Model 2 (adjusted for age and PIR) | 1 | 0.61 (0.38, 0.97) | 0.73 (0.45, 1.18) | 0.58 (0.41, 0.84) | 0.86 (0.76, 0.98) | 0.03 |
| Model 3 (multivariate) | 1 | 0.77 (0.45, 1.32) | 0.90 (0.52, 1.58) | 0.72 (0.49, 1.07) | 0.94 (0.83, 1.07) | 0.34 |
| Cerebrovascular disease mortality | ||||||
| Model 1 (unadjusted) | 1 | 1.18 (0.48, 2.89) | 1.08 (0.44, 2.68) | 3.09 (1.02, 9.35) | 1.51 (1.00, 2.26) | 0.05 |
| Model 2 (adjusted for age and PIR) | 1 | 1.14 (0.47, 2.73) | 0.98 (0.39, 2.46) | 2.08 (0.73, 5.89) | 1.30 (0.91, 1.86) | 0.15 |
| Model 3 (multivariate) | 1 | 1.50 (0.51, 4.38) | 1.23 (0.43, 3.53) | 2.69 (0.77, 9.40) | 1.35 (0.95, 1.91) | 0.09 |
| Total flavonols (mg/day) | <6.815 | 6.815–12.555 | 12.555–22.105 | ≥22.105 | ||
| Case number (n) | 3,511 | 3,504 | 3,507 | 3,507 | ||
| Person-years | 25,931 | 26,744 | 27,285 | 27,806 | ||
| All-cause mortality | ||||||
| Model 1 (unadjusted) | 1 | 0.74 (0.65, 0.84) | 0.67 (0.54, 0.83) | 0.54 (0.45, 0.65) | 0.82 (0.77, 0.87) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 (adjusted for age and PIR) | 1 | 0.75 (0.68, 0.83) | 0.72 (0.60, 0.86) | 0.65 (0.52, 0.80) | 0.87 (0.81, 0.93) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 (multivariate) | 1 | 0.81 (0.71, 0.93) | 0.74 (0.61, 0.90) | 0.66 (0.53, 0.84) | 0.87 (0.81, 0.94) | <0.001 |
| Heart disease mortality | ||||||
| Model 1 (unadjusted) | 1 | 0.94 (0.63, 1.41) | 0.74 (0.49, 1.10) | 0.56 (0.33, 0.93) | 0.82 (0.71, 0.94) | 0.01 |
| Model 2 (adjusted for age and PIR) | 1 | 0.94 (0.63, 1.39) | 0.78 (0.51, 1.19) | 0.68 (0.40, 1.13) | 0.87 (0.75, 1.01) | 0.07 |
| Model 3 (multivariate) | 1 | 1.00 (0.64, 1.57) | 0.83 (0.51, 1.34) | 0.74 (0.42, 1.31) | 0.90 (0.76, 1.07) | 0.25 |
| Cerebrovascular disease mortality | ||||||
| Model 1 (unadjusted) | 1 | 0.98 (0.36, 2.65) | 0.75 (0.32, 1.73) | 0.51 (0.24, 1.07) | 0.80 (0.65, 0.98) | 0.03 |
| Model 2 (adjusted for age and PIR) | 1 | 0.99 (0.35, 2.78) | 0.81 (0.37, 1.77) | 0.68 (0.32, 1.45) | 0.88 (0.72, 1.07) | 0.19 |
| Model 3 (multivariate) | 1 | 0.96 (0.32, 2.85) | 0.56 (0.23, 1.41) | 0.57 (0.26, 1.24) | 0.81 (0.64, 1.01) | 0.06 |
| Total flavan-3-ols (mg/day) | <4.915 | 4.915–15.425 | 15.425–154.295 | ≥154.295 | ||
| Case number (n) | 3,511 | 3,504 | 3,507 | 3,507 | ||
| Person-years | 26,560 | 27,212 | 25,928 | 28,065 | ||
| All-cause mortality | ||||||
| Model 1 (unadjusted) | 1 | 1.01 (0.85, 1.21) | 0.88 (0.70, 1.10) | 0.85 (0.70, 1.03) | 0.94 (0.88, 1.00) | 0.05 |
| Model 2 (adjusted for age and PIR) | 1 | 0.87 (0.75, 1.00) | 0.71 (0.59, 0.86) | 0.77 (0.63, 0.94) | 0.91 (0.85, 0.97) | 0.01 |
| Model 3 (multivariate) | 1 | 0.98 (0.82, 1.17) | 0.85 (0.69, 1.05) | 0.87 (0.69, 1.08) | 0.95 (0.88, 1.02) | 0.13 |
| Heart disease mortality | ||||||
| Model 1 (unadjusted) | 1 | 1.32 (0.89, 1.97) | 1.08 (0.73, 1.60) | 1.00 (0.68, 1.48) | 0.97 (0.87, 1.09) | 0.65 |
| Model 2 (adjusted for age and PIR) | 1 | 1.08 (0.76, 1.52) | 0.81 (0.55, 1.20) | 0.87 (0.61, 1.25) | 0.93 (0.83, 1.04) | 0.21 |
| Model 3 (multivariate) | 1 | 1.28 (0.89, 1.84) | 1.01 (0.67, 1.50) | 1.10 (0.73, 1.65) | 1.00 (0.88, 1.13) | 0.98 |
| Cerebrovascular disease mortality | ||||||
| Model 1 (unadjusted) | 1 | 0.95 (0.41, 2.20) | 0.80 (0.33, 1.95) | 0.72 (0.36, 1.46) | 0.89 (0.72, 1.10) | 0.29 |
| Model 2 (adjusted for age and PIR) | 1 | 0.76 (0.34, 1.70) | 0.59 (0.22, 1.57) | 0.63 (0.32, 1.26) | 0.85 (0.67, 1.08) | 0.18 |
| Model 3 (multivariate) | 1 | 0.83 (0.36, 1.92) | 0.70 (0.29, 1.71) | 0.52 (0.25, 1.05) | 0.81 (0.65, 1.01) | 0.06 |
Hazard ratios (95% CI) for all-cause, heart disease, and cerebrovascular disease mortality were analyzed using Cox proportional hazard models. Model 1 was unadjusted; Model 2 was adjusted for age and PIR; and Model 3 was adjusted for age, PIR, sex, education status, race, daily energy intake, BMI, smoking status, alcohol intake, total time of PA, and hyperlipidemia.
PIR, poverty income ratio; BMI, body mass index; PA, physical activity.