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. 2023 Feb 27;13:3333. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-29280-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Neuroanatomical circuit involved in the processing of emotional faces. Orange lines represent the sensory trigeminal innervating the brain stem and synapsing on the trigeminal nucleus. The blue lines highlight the flow of information along key regions in the circuit. Sensory neurons in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis have reciprocal connections with sensory and limbic structures and are often monosynaptic^48,61–64. These include trigemino-amygdala, trigemino-hypothalamus, trigemino-thalamus, and trigemino-locus coeruleus connections. Layers of the skull: white, scalp; pink, periosteum; grey, bone; blue, meninges (dura, arachnoid, pia); SpV: spinal tract of the trigeminal nucleus; SSN: superior salivary nucleus;VPM: ventral posteromedial nucleus. This figure was created in Adobe Illustrator⁶⁵ (versions 2015 and 2021).