Table 2.

Cysteine cathepsin-targeted fluorescence probes in breast cancer

Probe name	Probe type	Target	Fluorophore	Phase	References
BMV083	qABP	Cathepsin S	Cy5	Preclinical	[129]
BMV109	qABP	Cathepsin B, L, and S	Cy5	Preclinical	[130, 131]
VGT-309	qABP	Cathepsin B, L, and S	ICG	Preclinical	[132]
BMV157	qABP	Cathepsin S	Cy5	Preclinical	[133]
6QC-NIR	qSBP	Cathepsin B, L, and S	DyLight780-B1	Preclinical	[134]
6QC-ICG	qSBP	Cathepsin B, L, and S	ICG	Preclinical	[135, 136]
DEATH-CAT-FNIR	AND-Gate	Cathepsin L (and caspase 3)	Heptamethine cyanine	Preclinical	[136]
YBN14	Photosensitized qABP	Cathepsin B, L, and S	Bacteriochlorin	Preclinical	[137]
8h6	DARPin	Cathepsin B	Cy5.5	Preclinical	[138]
Not specified	qABP	Cathepsin S	Cy5.5	Preclinical	[139]
MP-cL3	ABP	Cathepsin L	Cy5	Preclinical	[140]
LUM015	qSBP	Cathepsin B, K, L and S	Cy5	Preclinical/clinical	[23, 141–143] NCT03321929 NCT03686215

Shown are the cathepsin-targeted fluorescent probes for intraoperative breast cancer imaging that have been investigated preclinically and in human patients

Abbreviations: ABP, activity-based probe; qABP, quenched activity-based probe; qSBP, quenched substrate-based probe; AND-Gate, probe that requires activation by two different targets; DARPin, designed ankyrin repeat protein; Cy5, cyanine 5; ICG, indocyanine green; Cy5.5, cyanine 5.5.