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. 2023 Feb 27;13:3301. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-30343-2

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Uptake and release of K⁺ and Ca²⁺ ions. (A) K⁺ uptake and Ca²⁺ release from seeds in BONB-KNaCl. (B) K⁺ release and Ca²⁺ uptake from seeds in BONB-CaNaCl. (C) Proposed mechanism of K⁺ uptake and Ca²⁺ release in aged recalcitrant of wasabi seeds with BONB-KNaCl. Upper left shows an example of solution used in the study. Upper right shows a hypothetical model of the germination process. Lower panel shows optimum conditions for wasabi seeds to break out of dormancy, with significant K⁺ uptake from the solution and Ca²⁺ release from the endosperm.