Table 1.
Properties of culture media used in the experiments.
| Solution | Ion concentration | EC [mS/cm] | Initial pH | Initial DO [mg/L] | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Na+ [mg/L] | K+ [mg/L] | Ca2+ [mg/L] | Cl− [mg/L] | ||||
| Experiment 1 | |||||||
| MQ (control) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 5.73 ± 0.01 | 8.0 ± 0.0 |
| MQ-KNaCl | 147.11 ± 8.91 | 289.47 ± 0.05 | 0.00 | 566.22 ± 9.97 | 1.66 ± 0.00 | 6.47 ± 0.01 | 8.0 ± 0.0 |
| KMnO4 | 145.55 ± 0.80 | 285.45 ± 3.51 | 0.00 | 561.63 ± 0.46 | 1.64 ± 0.00 | 6.49 ± 0.14 | 8.0 ± 0.0 |
| BONB-KNaCl | 145.58 ± 1.29 | 298.01 ± 0.47 | 0.00 | 565.40 ± 3.74 | 1.68 ± 0.00 | 6.77 ± 0.01 | 8.0 ± 0.0 |
| Experiment 2 | |||||||
| MQ (control) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 5.73 ± 0.01 | 8.0 ± 0.0 |
| MQ-KNaCl | 102.70 ± 0.40 | 292.49 ± 7.41 | 0.00 | 472.55 ± 0.17 | 1.68 ± 0.00 | 6.48 ± 0.01 | 8.0 ± 0.0 |
| MQ-CaNaCl | 104.14 ± 0.13 | 0.00 | 187.06 ± 0.10 | 472.92 ± 0.41 | 1.68 ± 0.00 | 6.56 ± 0.14 | 8.0 ± 0.0 |
| BONB-KNaCl | 103.24 ± 0.14 | 291.08 ± 9.90 | 0.00 | 472.68 ± 1.75 | 1.68 ± 0.00 | 6.82 ± 0.03 | 8.0 ± 0.0 |
| BONB-CaNaCl | 103.86 ± 0.24 | 0.00 | 186.70 ± 0.18 | 472.88 ± 0.54 | 1.68 ± 0.00 | 6.87 ± 0.06 | 8.0 ± 0.0 |
EC was measured at 15 °C. Values are presented as mean ± SE.
EC electrical conductivity, DO dissolved oxygen, MQ Milli-Q water, MQ-KNaCl Milli-Q water containing K+, Na+, and Cl−, BONB-KNaCl bulk oxygen nanobubble water containing K+, Na+, and Cl−, MQ-CaNaCl Milli-Q water containing Ca2+, Na+, and Cl−, BONB-CaNaCl bulk oxygen nanobubble water containing Ca2+, Na+, and Cl−.