Table 5.

Associations between Sources and Perceived Tone of PrEP Information and PrEP Outcomes among Sexual and Gender Minorities (N = 331) in Milwaukee, WI in June 2018

Source	PrEP Stigma		PrEP Intentions (N = 267)		PrEP Discussion		PrEP Use
	Individual Sources	Multiple Sources Simultaneously	Individual Sources	Multiple Sources Simultaneously	Individual Sources	Multiple Sources Simultaneously	Individual Sources	Multiple Sources Simultaneously
	β [95% CI]	β [95% CI]	β [95% CI]	β [95% CI]	APR [95% CI]	APR [95% CI]	APR [95% CI]	APR [95% CI]
The internet	−0.20 [−0.44,0.04]		0.28* [0.04,0.51]	0.28* [0.04,0.51]	1.73** [1.23,2.43]	†	1.75 [0.96,3.18]	†
Social media	−0.21 [−0.43,0.02]	†	0.05 [−0.18,0.28]		1.87*** [1.36,2.57]	†	1.77* [1.005,3.11]	†
Friends	−0.21 [−0.44,0.02]	†	0.16 [−0.08,0.39]		1.67*** [1.24,2.25]	†	3.04*** [1.56,5.94]	2.24* [1.07,4.72]
Public health campaigns	−0.34** [−0.56,−0.13]	−0.27* [−0.49,−0.06]	0.19 [−0.03,0.41]		1.90*** [1.42,2.54]	1.60** [1.18,2.16]	2.32** [1.34,3.99]	†
Healthcare providers	−0.24* [−0.48,−0.01]	†	0.19 [−0.06,0.45]		5.57*** [3.69,8.40]	Excl.	6.50*** [2.85,14.81]	Excl.
Sexual or dating partners	−0.25* [−0.48,−0.02]	†	0.19 [−0.05,0.43]		2.07*** [1.56,2.73]	1.80*** [1.34,2.41]	2.67*** [1.55,4.61]	2.01* [1.12,3.62]
Newspapers or magazines	−0.20 [−0.46,0.05]		0.08 [−0.21,0.37]		1.54*** [1.20,1.98]	†	2.09** [1.32,3.33]	†
TV shows/movies/music	0.03 [−0.26,0.31]		0.05 [−0.23,0.32]		0.96 [0.72,1.29]		1.12 [0.66,1.89]
Family members	−0.02 [−0.37,0.34]		0.31 [−0.15,0.76]		1.68*** [1.22,2.31]	†	1.69 [0.88,3.25]
Schools	0.29 [−0.11,0.69]		−0.03 [−0.46,0.40]		1.47** [1.10,1.97]	†	1.75 [1.00,3.08]	†
Religious institutions	0.35 [−0.17,0.86]		−0.01 [−0.60,0.57]		1.32 [0.88,1.98]		1.80 [0.97,3.36]	†
Number of sources	−0.13* [−0.25,−0.01]	Excl.	0.10 [−0.03,0.23]		1.16*** [1.12,1.21]	Excl.	1.21*** [1.13,1.31]	Excl.
Overall perceived tone	−0.25*** [−0.36,−0.14]	−0.23*** [−0.35,−0.12]	0.02 [−0.11,0.15]		1.05 [0.89,1.25]		1.24 [0.90,1.71]
Covariates		β [95% CI]		β [95% CI]		APR [95% CI]		APR [95% CI]
Black	±	0.12 [−0.13,0.37]	±	0.17 [−0.14,0.48]	±	1.48*** [1.17,1.88]	±	1.79** [1.15,2.78]
Another race	±	0.07 [−0.29,0.44]	±	−0.25 [−0.63,0.14]	±	0.78 [0.49,1.25]	±	0.58 [0.21,1.64]
Latinx	±	0.08 [−0.23,0.40]	±	0.41* [0.02,0.79]	±	1.15 [0.82,1.62]	±	0.77 [0.32,1.85]
Age	±	0.07 [−0.04,0.18]	±	−0.22*** [−0.34,−0.09]	±	0.93 [0.84,1.04]	±	1.04 [0.89,1.22]
Material hardship	±	0.09 [−0.01,0.20]	±	0.03 [−0.09,0.14]	±	0.98 [0.87,1.11]	±	0.85 [0.67,1.07]
Trans/non−binary	±	−0.46** [−0.76,−0.16]	±	0.02 [−0.26,0.31]	±	0.62 [0.38,1.02]	±	0.30 [0.08,1.09]
Indications for PrEP	±	−0.14 [−0.34,0.07]	±	0.42*** [0.19,0.65]	±	1.41** [0.10,1.81]	±	2.42*** [1.44,4.07]

Note. APR = Adjusted Prevalence Ratio; PrEP = pre-exposure prophylaxis; Trans = Transgender. Age was divided by 10 (1 unit change = 10 years). For binary predictors of continuous outcomes, we report STDY estimates from Mplus, which can be interpreted as the change in the outcome variable in standard deviation units when the categorical covariate changes from zero to one (Muthén & Muthén, 1998–2022).

^±= Covariates were included in models when exploring individual sources (not reported).

^†= Indicates sources originally included in models; paths for non-significant sources were fixed to 0 to increase parsimony. Excl. = Excluded from model. Healthcare providers were not included when considering multiple sources simultaneously because those who discuss PrEP with providers or are prescribed PrEP would necessarily hear about PrEP from a provider. Number of sources was considered to be redundant with individual sources and was not included as a predictor in any combined regression.

^***p < .001

^**p < .01

^*p < .05