Table 2.
Taxonomy of tinnitus-related exposures in six main broad domains (bold)
| Category | Sub-category | Illustrative examples |
|---|---|---|
| Hearing related | ||
| Types of measurement | Clinically measured | Hearing loss (unspecified), sensorineural hearing loss |
| Self-reported | Hearing difficulty, hyperacusis | |
| Noise exposure | Noise | Occupational and leisure noise |
| Otologic | Infectious | Otitis externa, otitis media |
| Labyrinthine | Cochlear implants, vestibular dysfunction | |
| Neoplastic | Acoustic neuroma, Schwannoma | |
| Other | Cerumen, otosclerosis, presbycusis | |
| Ototoxic medications | Antibiotics | Erythromycin, Macrolides |
| Anti-neoplastic | Platinum-based therapy | |
| Other drugs | Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs | |
| Lifestyle | ||
| Lifestyle exposures | Chemical | Chemical solvents |
| Physical/other | Computer use, electromagnetic field | |
| Nutrition | Anthropometric | Body mass index, waist to hip ratio |
| Diet and nutrition | Dietary patterns, deficiency | |
| Physical activity | Hours of exercise | |
| Substance use | Alcohol | Drinking status, consumption |
| Coffee | Drinking status | |
| Drug addictions | Drug abuse | |
| Smoking | Current, exposure to second-hand smoke | |
| Socio-demographic | ||
| Age | ||
| Family history | ||
| Marital status | ||
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| Region | Geographic region, urbanization level | |
| Socioeconomic status | Education | School years, education level |
| Employment status | ||
| Income | Yearly income, income level | |
| Sex | ||
| Social environment | Family situation, working conditions | |
| Other demographics | Benefits | Disability benefits, health insurance |
| Deprivation score | Deprivation index | |
| Comorbidities | ||
| Cardiovascular | Heart failure, hypertension, stroke | |
| Endocrine and metabolic | Diabetes, hyperlipidemia, thyroid disorders | |
| ENT, other | Nasal disorders | Rhinitis, sinusitis |
| Hepatological | Transplant, cirrhosis, hepatitis B | |
| Immune-mediated | Systemic lupus erythematosus | |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | ||
| Infections (systemic) | Human immunodeficiency virus, Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 | |
| Musculoskeletal | Osteoporosis | |
| Neurological | Headache, meningitis, migraine | |
| Neoplastic | Cancer survivors, childhood cancer | |
| Orofacial | Dental conditions | Teeth grinding, clenching |
| Musculoskeletal | Temporomandibular joint disorder | |
| Mental | Anxiety, dementia, depression, stress | |
| Renal | Chronic kidney disease | |
| Respiratory | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | |
| Sleep disorder | Hypersomnia, insomnia, sleep apnea, | |
| Traumatic | Ear injury | Tympanic membrane perforation |
| Head and neck injury | Traumatic brain injury, Whiplash | |
| Other bodily injury | Bodily injury score | |
| Other systemic conditions | Allergy, chronic illness, disability, menstruation, pregnancy | |
| Treatments | ||
| Radiotherapy | Radiation (gamma) | |
| Other | ||
| Genetics | Genotype, specific alleles | |
ENT ear, nose and throat; COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease