Table 4.

Hazard ratio of modifiable risk factors for PD.

	Model 1*		Model 2#
	HR (95% CI)	p	HR# (95% CI)	p
Hypertension	1.27 (1.22–1.33)	<0.001	1.09 (1.05–1.14)	<0.001
Diabetes	1.39 (1.32–1.47)	<0.001	1.24 (1.17–1.31)	<0.001
Dyslipidemia	1.34 (1.28–1.41)	<0.001	1.12 (1.07–1.18)	<0.001
Ischemic stroke	1.58 (1.47–1.70)	<0.001	1.26 (1.17–1.36)	<0.001
Hemorrhagic stroke	1.54 (1.32–1.78)	<0.001	1.26 (1.08–1.47)	0.003
Ischemic heart disease	1.38 (1.30–1.47)	<0.001	1.09 (1.02–1.17)	0.012
Depression	1.76 (1.68–1.85)	<0.001	1.61 (1.53–1.69)	<0.001
Osteoporosis	1.34 (1.28–1.41)	<0.001	1.24 (1.18–1.30)	<0.001
Obesity	1.12 (1.07–1.16)	<0.001	1.06 (1.01–1.10)	0.011
Physical inactivity	0.99 (0.95–1.03)	0.544
Heavy alcohol consumption	0.96 (0.89–1.03)	0.247
Smoking
Never	Reference		Reference
Ex-smoker	0.82 (0.76–0.89)	<0.001	0.82 (0.76–0.89)	<0.001
Current smoker	0.76 (0.74–0.83)	<0.001	0.81 (0.76–0.86)	<0.001

^*Model 1: Each risk factor was entered as a predictor in the Cox regression model after controlling for age and sex.

^#Model 2: All risk factors associated with PD in model 1 were included as predictors after controlling for age and sex.

HR, hazard Ratio; PD, Parkinson’s disease.