Table 5.
Relative risk and population-attributable fraction of modifiable risk factors for PD.
| Risk factor prevalence | Parkinson’s disease | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Relative risk* (95% CI) | PAF (95% CI) | ||
| Hypertension | 36.7% | 1.09 (1.05–1.14) | 3.3% (1.6–5.0) |
| Diabetes | 10.4% | 1.24 (1.17–1.31) | 2.4% (1.8–3.1) |
| Dyslipidemia | 14.8% | 1.12 (1.07–1.18) | 1.8% (1.0–2.6) |
| Ischemic stroke | 3.6% | 1.26 (1.17–1.36) | 0.9% (0.6–1.3) |
| Hemorrhagic stroke | 0.9% | 1.26 (1.08–1.47) | 0.2% (0.1–0.4) |
| Ischemic heart disease | 5.8% | 1.09 (1.02–1.17) | 0.5% (0.1–1.0) |
| Depression | 11.5% | 1.61 (1.53–1.69) | 6.5% (5.7–7.3) |
| Osteoporosis | 21.3% | 1.24 (1.18–1.30) | 4.8% (3.7–6.0) |
| Obesity | 36.3% | 1.06 (1.01–1.10) | 2.0% (0.5–3.5) |
| Overall PAF | 20.4% | ||
*RR was calculated after controlling for age, sex, and all the risk factors associated with PD.
CI, confidence interval; PD, Parkinson’s disease.