TABLE 3.
Properties of 3D finite-element auditory periphery model.
| Component | Young’s modulus, E [MPa] | Density, ρ [kg/m3] | Loss factor, η (constant) |
| Incus ossicle | 1.41 × 104 (Gan et al., 2004) | 2.15 × 103 (Sim et al., 2007) | 0.01 |
| Malleus ossicle | 1.41 × 104 (Gan et al., 2004) | 2.39 × 103 (Sim et al., 2007) | 0.01 |
| Stapes ossicle | 1.41 × 104 (Gan et al., 2004) | 2.20 × 103 (Gan et al., 2004) | 0.01 |
| Malleus/incus joint | 7 (Homma et al., 2010) | 1.2 × 103 (Gan et al., 2004) | 0.15 |
| Incus/stapes joint | 0.44 (Gan et al., 2004) | 1.2 × 103 (Gan et al., 2004) | 0.15 |
| Tensor tympani | 5 (Homma et al., 2010) | 1.2 × 103 (Homma et al., 2010) | 0.3 |
| Anterior ligament | 5 (Homma et al., 2010) | 1.2 × 103 (Homma et al., 2010) | 0.3 |
| Lateral ligament | 10 (Homma et al., 2010) | 1.2 × 103 (Homma et al., 2010) | 0.3 |
| Superior ligament | 2 (Homma et al., 2010) | 1.2 × 103 (Homma et al., 2010) | 0.3 |
| Stapes tendon | 3.8 × 103 (Gan et al., 2004) | 1.2 × 103 (Homma et al., 2010) | 0.15 |
| Incus ligament | 4.8 (Gan et al., 2004) | 1.2 × 103 (Homma et al., 2010) | 0.15 |
| Tympanic membrane, pars tensa | 2 × 101 (Homma et al., 2010) | 1.2 × 103 (Koike et al., 2002) | 0.7 |
| Tympanic membrane, pars flaccida | 7 (Homma et al., 2010) | 1.2 × 103 (Koike et al., 2002) | 0.15 |
| Tympanic annulus | 0.6 (Koike et al., 2002) | 1.2 × 103 (Homma et al., 2010) | 0.5 |
| Stapes annular ligament | 0.7 (Kim et al., 2014) | 1.2 × 103 (Homma et al., 2010) | 0.3 |
| Round window | 0.05 (Kim et al., 2014) | 1.2 × 103 (Kim et al., 2014) | 0.8 |
| Cochlear bone | 20 × 103 (Turner et al., 1999) | 1.8 × 103 (Peterson and Dechow, 2003) | 0.3 |
| Cochlear fluid | 1,500 [m/s; sound speed] (Levin et al., 1981) | 1 × 103 (Levin et al., 1981) | 0.1 |
| Basilar membrane | 6.5–5.5 (longitudinally from base to apex) 0.2–1 × 103 (transversely from base to apex) (Kim et al., 2014) |
1 × 103 (Kim et al., 2014) | 0.3 |
| Prosthesis | 150 × 103 (Salvinelli et al., 2009) | 21 × 103 (Salvinelli et al., 2009) | 0.01 |
| Closing materials | 0.001, 1, 24 (Comley and Fleck, 2010a,b; Trindade et al., 2012; Zwirner et al., 2020) | 1.2 × 103 (Ward and Lieber, 2005) | 0.3 |
Mechanical properties (Young’s modulus, density, and loss factor) of the auditory periphery model components. Specifically, the fluid is characterized by sound speed instead of Young’s modulus. The loss factor, η, is the ratio of the imaginary to real parts of the complex Young’s modulus.